Aerosols from biomass burning over the tropical South Atlantic region: Distributions and impacts

The NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment (GTE) Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry Near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE A) expedition was conducted September 21 through October 26, 1992, to investigate factors responsible for creating the seasonal South Atlantic tropospheric ozone maximum. During these flights, fine aerosol (0.1-3.0 μm) number densities were observed to be enhanced roughly tenfold over remote regions of the tropical South Atlantic and greater over adjacent continental areas, relative to northern hemisphere observations and to measurements recorded in the same area during Ac wet season. Chemical and meteorological analyses as well as visual observations indicate that the primary source of these enhancements was biomass burning occurring within grassland regions of north central Brazil and southeastern Africa. These fires exhibited fine aerosol (N) emission ratios relative to CO (dN/dCO) of 22.5 ± 9.7 and 23.6 ± 15.1 cm-3 parts per billion by volume (ppbv)-1 over Brazil and Africa, respectively. Convection coupled with counterclockwise flow around the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone subsequently distributed these aerosols throughout the remote South Atlantic troposphere. We calculate that dilute smoke from biomass burning produced an average tenfold enhancement in optical depth over the continental regions as well as a 50% increase in this parameter over the middle South Atlantic Ocean; these changes correspond to an estimated net cooling of up to 25 W m-2 and 2.4 W m-2 during clear-sky conditions over savannas and ocean respectively. Over the ocean our analyses suggest that modification of CCN concentrations within the persistent eastern Atlantic marine stratocumulus clouds by entrainment of subsiding haze layers could significantly increase cloud albedo resulting in an additional surface radiative cooling potentially greater in magnitude than that caused by direct extinction of solar radiation by the aerosol particles themselves

ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI SEKTOR PERIKANAN TERHADAP PDRB DAN PENYERAPAN TENAGA KERJA DI KOTA BITUNG

ABSTRAKKekayaan alam yang melimpah pada sektor sumberdaya laut lazimnya memberi dampak yang positif bagi masyarakat pesisir khususnya yang berprofesi sebagai nelayan di Kota Bitung. Sumberdaya perikanan sebenarnya secara potensial dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kesejahteraan nelayan. Salah satu kebijakan pengembangan sektor pertanian yang diambil oleh Pemerintah Daerah Kota Bitung ialah melalui pengembangan sektor pertanian dalam arti luas yaitu dengan pengembangan sub sektor perikanan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar kontribusi sektor perikanan terhadap perekonomian dan seberapa besar penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor perikanan di Kota Bitung. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah perkembangan sub sektor perikanan Kota Bitung kurun waktu 2012 hingga 2017 mengalami fluktuasi. Kontribusi sub sektor perikanan terhadap total PDRB Kota Bitung cenderung fluktuatif namun tidak ada kenaikan atau penurunan yang signifikan berkisar di angka 13.92 % sampai 15.29%. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan koefisien LQ sebesar 1.46-3.5 ada 3 sektor yang menjadi keuggula Kota Bitung yaitu sektor industri pengelolaan dan sektor pengadaan air, pengelohan sampah, limbah, dan daur ulang serta sektor transportasi dan pergudangan. Penyerapan tenaga kerja sub sektor perikanan Kota Bitung mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dan memiliki kecenderungan naik yang berarti pertumbuhan PDRB sub sektor perikanan mampu membuka lapangan pekerjaan baru di Kota Bitung. Kata Kunci: sub sektor perikanan, penyerapan tenaga kerja, produk domestic regional bruto ABSTRACTThe abundant natural wealth in the marine resources sector usually has a positive impact on coastal communities, especially those who work as fishermen in the city of Bitung. Fisheries resources can actually be utilized to improve the standard of living and welfare of fishermen. One of the agricultural sector development policies taken by the Regional Government of Bitung City is through the development of the agricultural sector in the broad sense, namely the development of the fisheries sub-sector. The purpose of this study is to find out how much the fisheries sector contributes to the economy and how much absorption of the fisheries sector in Bitung City. The data analysis method used is quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research obtained are the development of the Bitung City fisheries sub-sector in the period of 2012 to 2017 experiencing fluctuations. The contribution of the fisheries sub-sector to the total GRDP of Bitung City tends to fluctuate but there is no significant increase or decrease ranging from 13.92% to 15.29%. Based on the calculation of the LQ coefficient of 1.46-3.5 there are 3 sectors which are the mainstay of Bitung City, namely the management sector and the water supply sector, waste management, waste and recycling as well as the transportation and warehousing sector. The absorption of labor in the fisheries sub-sector of Bitung City has increased significantly and has a rising tendency which means that the growth of the GRDP of the fisheries sub-sector is able to open new jobs in the City of Bitung. Keywords: fisheries sub sector, labor absorption, gross regional domestic produc

Progressive Transactional Memory in Time and Space

Transactional memory (TM) allows concurrent processes to organize sequences of operations on shared \emph{data items} into atomic transactions. A transaction may commit, in which case it appears to have executed sequentially or it may \emph{abort}, in which case no data item is updated. The TM programming paradigm emerged as an alternative to conventional fine-grained locking techniques, offering ease of programming and compositionality. Though typically themselves implemented using locks, TMs hide the inherent issues of lock-based synchronization behind a nice transactional programming interface. In this paper, we explore inherent time and space complexity of lock-based TMs, with a focus of the most popular class of \emph{progressive} lock-based TMs. We derive that a progressive TM might enforce a read-only transaction to perform a quadratic (in the number of the data items it reads) number of steps and access a linear number of distinct memory locations, closing the question of inherent cost of \emph{read validation} in TMs. We then show that the total number of \emph{remote memory references} (RMRs) that take place in an execution of a progressive TM in which $n$ concurrent processes perform transactions on a single data item might reach $\Omega(n \log n)$, which appears to be the first RMR complexity lower bound for transactional memory.Comment: Model of Transactional Memory identical with arXiv:1407.6876, arXiv:1502.0272

Investigation of the [1,5]-hydride shift as a route to nitro-Mannich cyclisations

Conditions were found for the [1,5]-hydride shift nitro-Mannich reaction that led to the synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted tetrahydroquinolines. Two simple cyclic amine substrates gave diastereomerically pure rearranged products in 65 and 90% yields by refluxing in HFIP. A more general procedure used Gd(OTf)3 as a catalyst and successfully rearranged other cyclic and acyclic amines in 42–84% yield with diastereomeric ratios of 75:25 to >95:5 in favour of the anti-diastereoisomer (9 examples). Two examples of sulphur containing heterocycles gave lower yields of 9 and 25%. Electron withdrawing substituents were shown to have a deleterious effect on the success of the reaction. The results indicated the limitation of the [1,5]-hydride shift nitro-Mannich reaction with respect to the stability of the intermediate iminium ion

A study of high-energy proton induced damage in Cerium Fluoride in comparison with measurements in Lead Tungstate calorimeter crystals

A Cerium Fluoride crystal produced during early R&D studies for calorimetry at the CERN Large Hadron Collider was exposed to a 24 GeV/c proton fluence Phi_p=(2.78 +- 0.20) x 10EE13 cm-2 and, after one year of measurements tracking its recovery, to a fluence Phi_p=(2.12 +- 0.15) x 10EE14 cm-2. Results on proton-induced damage to the crystal and its spontaneous recovery after both irradiations are presented here, along with some new, complementary data on proton-damage in Lead Tungstate. A comparison with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation results is performed and a qualitative understanding of high-energy damage mechanism is attempted.Comment: Submitted to Elsevier Science on May 6th, 2010; 11 pages, 8 figure

Effect of bilayer coupling on tunneling conductance of double-layer high T_c cuprates

Physical effects of bilayer coupling on the tunneling spectroscopy of high T$_{c}$ cuprates are investigated. The bilayer coupling separates the bonding and antibonding bands and leads to a splitting of the coherence peaks in the tunneling differential conductance. However, the coherence peak of the bonding band is strongly suppressed and broadened by the particle-hole asymmetry in the density of states and finite quasiparticle life-time, and is difficult to resolve by experiments. This gives a qualitative account why the bilayer splitting of the coherence peaks was not clearly observed in tunneling measurements of double-layer high-T$_c$ oxides.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, to be published in PR