Vasodilators in Septic Shock Resuscitation: A Clinical Perspective

ABSTRACT: Microcirculatory abnormalities have been shown to be frequent in patients with septic shock despite “normalization” of systemic hemodynamics. Several studies have explored the impact of vasodilator therapy (prostacyclin, inhaled nitric oxide, topic acetylcholine and nitroglycerin) on microcirculation and tissue perfusion, with contradictory findings.In this narrative review, we briefly present the pathophysiological aspects of microcirculatory dysfunction, and depict the evidence supporting the use of vasodilators and other therapeutic interventions (fluid administration, blood transfusion, vasopressors and dobutamine) aiming to improve the microcirculatory flow in septic shock patients

Thin Titanium Oxide Films Obtained By Rtp And By Sputtering

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)In this paper, two methods to obtain titanium oxide (TiO2) thin films are compared. In the first method metallic titanium (Ti) is deposited by sputtering and then oxidized by rapid thermal process (RTP) in an oxygen atmosphere to form the TiO2 thin films. The second method consists in TiO2 deposition by reactive sputtering. Structural characterization of the prepared samples shows the rutile crystal structure for both films, but TiO2 thin film deposited by sputtering also presented anatase crystal structure. Capacitors were fabricated and the electrical characterization of TiO2 films realized in order to determine which method forms the best dielectric film, defined by high dielectric constant value (high-k), lower charge density (Q0/q) and flat-band voltage (VFB) around -0.9V.FAPESP; São Paulo Research FoundationFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Bunjongpru, W., Sungthong, A., Porntheeraphat, S., Rayanasukha, Y., Pankiew, A., Jeamsaksiri, W., Srisuwan, A., Nukeaw, J., Very low drift and high sensitivity of nanocrystal-TiO2 sensing membrane on pH-ISFET fabricated by CMOS compatible process (2013) Appl. Surf Sci., 267, pp. 206-211. , FebChou, J.-C., Yang, H.-Y., Chen, C.-W., Glucose biosensor of ruthenium-doped TiO2 sensing electrode by co-sputtering system (2010) Microelectron. Reliab., 50 (5), pp. 753-756. , MayBarros, A.D., (2013) Developement of TiOx and ZnO Thin Films for ISFET and SAW Devices, , PhD Thesis, School of Electrical and Compuer Engineering, University of Camp in asSouza, J.F., Moreira, M.A., Doi, I., Diniz, A.I., Tatsch, P.J., Gonçalves, J.L., Preparation and characterization of high-k aluminium nitride (A1N) thin film for sensor and integrated circuits applications (2012) Phys. Status Solidi, 9 (6), pp. 1454-1457. , JunOkuya, M., Nakade, K., Kaneko, S., Porous TiO2 thin films synthesized by a spray pyrolysis deposition (SPD) technique and their application to dye-sensitized solar cells (2002) Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 70, pp. 425-435Oja, I., Chemical solution deposition of thin TiO2 -anatase films for dielectric applications (2004) Materials Ins Electronics, 5, pp. 341-344Yu, J., Zhao, X., Zhao, Q., Photocatalytic activity of nanometer TiO2 thin films prepared by the sol - gel method (2001) Materials Chemistry and Physsics, 69, pp. 25-29Barros, A.D., Albertin, K.F., Miyoshi, J., Doi, I., Diniz, J.A., Thin titanium oxide films deposited by e-beam evaporation with additional rapid thermal oxidation and annealing for ISFET applications (2010) Microelectron. Eng., 87 (3), pp. 443-446. , MarLai, C.-S., Lu, T.-F., Yang, C.-M., Lin, Y.-C., Pijanowska, D.G., Jaroszewicz, B., Body effect minimization using single layer structure for pH-ISFET applications (2010) Sensors and Actuators B Chem., 143 (2), pp. 494-499. , JanHenson, W.K., Ahmed, K.Z., Vogel, E.M., Hauser, J.R., Wortman, J.J., Venables, R.D., Xu, M., Venables, D., Estimating oxide thickness of tunnel oxides down to 1.4 nm using conventional capacitance-voltage measurements on MOS capacitors (1999) IEEE Electron Device Lett., 20 (4), pp. 179-181. , AprHauser, J.R., Ahmed, K., Characterization of ultra-thin oxides using electrical C-V and I-V measurements (1998) 1998 Int. Conf. Charact. Metrol. ULSI Technol., 235 (1998), pp. 235-239Chou, J.-C., Liao, L.P., Study on pH at the point of zero charge of TiO2 pH ion-sensitive field effect transistor made by the sputtering method (2005) Thin Solid Films, 476 (1), pp. 157-161. , AprKadoshima, M., Hiratani, M., Shimamoto, Y., Torii, K., Miki, H., Rutile-type TiO2 thin film for high-k gate insulator (2003) Thin Solid Films, 424, pp. 224-228Frank, M.M., Kim, S., Brown, S.L., Bruley, J., Copel, M., Hopstaken, M., Chudzik, M., Narayanan, V., Scaling the MOSFET gate dielectric: From high-k to higher-k? (2009) Microelectron. Eng., 86 (7-9), pp. 1603-1608. , JulKim, S., Brown, S.L., Rossnagel, S.M., Bruley, J., Copel, M., Hopstaken, M.J.P., Narayanan, V., Frank, M.M., Oxygen migration in TiO2 based higher-k gate stacks (2010) J Appl. Phys., 107 (5), p. 05410

A Comment on Masses, Quantum Affine Symmetries and PP-Wave Backgrounds

Two dimensional light cone world sheet massive models can be used to define good string backgrounds.In many cases these light cone world sheet lagrangians flow from a CFT in the UV to a theory of massive particles in the IR. The relevant symmetry in the IR, playing a similar role to Virasoro in the UV, are quantum affine Kac Moody algebras. Finite dimensional irreps of this algebra are associated with the spectrum of massive particles. The case of N=0 Sine Gordon at the N=2 point is associated with a Landau Ginzburg model that defines a good string background. For the world sheet symmetry $(N=2) \otimes U_{q}(\hat{Sl(2)})$ the N=2 piece is associated with the string conformal invariance and the $U_{q}(\hat{Sl(2)})$ piece with the world sheet RG. The two dimensional light cone world sheet massive model can be promoted to a CFT by adding extra light cone fields $X^{-}$ and $X^{+}$. From the point of view of the quantum affine symmetry these two fields are associated, respectively, with the center and the derivation of the affine Kac Moody algebra.Comment: 9 pages. Typos correcte