Change in the "goalkeeper wall” adopted for the training of libero in the volleyball

Research revealed that a soccer goalkeeper and a volleyball libero player have multiple characteristics in common. A fundamental motor gesture in both sports is "dig", a movement that requires a certain level of motor skill. The objectives set at the beginning of this experimentation are the improvement of explosive strength and reactivity. The latter specifically given the variability of the trajectories of the ball. 41 athletes divided between goalkeepers and libero players, aged around 15 years who took part in the respective regional sports championships were taken for observation. The "Reach" and "Vertec" tests were used to obtain the elevation data in cm. In addition, innovative tests were introduced which analyse the technical skills based on the role and play ability. Once the incoming data were obtained, the athletes underwent 2 sessions per week for 2 months to train the characteristics in common between the two roles. At the end of the training period, the athletes were again subjected to the tests mentioned above to find potential changes. At the end of the training program, a clear improvement of the whole sample examined emerged

Circuit training as a method of adaptation and prevention for people with type 2 diabetes

The problem encountered in the diabetic population is lack of time or a prolonged exercise session. The primary purpose of this study was, therefore, to check whether a reduced training session such as 40-minute circuit training was able to optimize VO2max levels, to identify factors that improve adherence to physical exercise. A sample of 30 subjects with an average age of 50 years (with type 2 diabetes mellitus) has been recruited in random mode. Subjects did a circuit training workout for eight weeks with a frequency of 3 weekly sessions of 40 minutes each for a total of 120 minutes per week. The 6-minute walking test was administered in and out. The T-test for dependent samples was used to detect the difference between the two groups (p < .05). The circuit training program has led to an increase in the level of cardiorespiratory form. The average VO2max increased significantly (p < .05) compared to the basic values, with an increase of +6.08%. The circuit training carried out for 8 weeks, lasting 40 minutes with intensity between 50 and 75% of the VO2max, is able to achieve appreciable improvements on cardiorespiratory fitness

Circuit training as a method of adaptation and prevention for people with type 2 diabetes

The problem encountered in the diabetic population is lack of time or a prolonged exercise session. The primary purpose of this study was, therefore, to check whether a reduced training session such as 40-minute circuit training was able to optimize VO2max levels, to identify factors that improve adherence to physical exercise. A sample of 30 subjects with an average age of 50 years (with type 2 diabetes mellitus) has been recruited in random mode. Subjects did a circuit training workout for eight weeks with a frequency of 3 weekly sessions of 40 minutes each for a total of 120 minutes per week. The 6-minute walking test was administered in and out. The T-test for dependent samples was used to detect the difference between the two groups (p &lt; .05). The circuit training program has led to an increase in the level of cardiorespiratory form. The average VO2max increased significantly (p &lt; .05) compared to the basic values, with an increase of +6.08%. The circuit training carried out for 8 weeks, lasting 40 minutes with intensity between 50 and 75% of the VO2max, is able to achieve appreciable improvements on cardiorespiratory fitnes

Performance anxiety: How to play reliable and rational tennis by reducing mental pressure

Almost all tennis players, from beginners to professionals, would be able to perform better, and therefore be more performing, if only they were able to lower the level of mental pressure during a game. When it increases dramatically, it is the cause of technical, tactical errors and unorthodox attitudes, as well as significantly reducing confidence in one's own means. The purpose of this study is to identify the most appropriate tactical and technical behaviours to adopt in the sport in question to play a more reliable tennis in the various game situations. The method is empirical research for the analysis of technical and tactical. The method is empirical research for the analysis of technical and tactical foundations, with a subsequent comparative method between grids of indicators, descriptors and weights that classifies the behaviours to be adopted. The data are useful to provide a practical guide to follow in order to approach this sport correctly, especially for children, reducing the responsibilities incurred by them and eliminating the expectations of parents and trainers about them. The results are useful for any reflections and focus on the reproducibility of the topic investigated to other sports activities through an educational and training action

A comparative study of university training of sports and physical activity kinesiologist

Background: In Italy, Legislative Decree No. 36/2021 and Ministerial Decree (MD) No. 1649/2023 have redefined the professional landscape of the physical activity and health sectors, emphasizing interdisciplinary and wellness-oriented education. The current disparity in the weighting of formative elements among the biomedical, psycho-pedagogical, and Exercise and Sport Sciences (ESS) fields in the configuration of degree courses in ESS has led to a need for reform. MD No. 1649/2023 offers an opportunity to reform these courses to emphasize interdisciplinary and wellness-oriented objectives, including at least 20 ECTS credits of practical activities in ESS disciplines. However, the impact of practical and laboratory activities on future kinesiologists has never been studied. This study aims to evaluate the impact of physical activity habits on the performance and self-assessment of ESS students. Method: A sample of 56 students enrolled in the Master of Science in Sport Science and Techniques at the University of Salerno was divided into "active" and "inactive" groups based on their physical activity levels, according to WHO guidelines. Both groups underwent anthropometric and functional tests, including the Squat Jump (SJ) and Countermovement Jump (CMJ). Descriptive statistics and t-tests assessed the differences between and within groups. Results: The "active" group exhibited significantly higher performance in SJ (15.7% higher) and CMJ (18.5% higher) compared to the "inactive" group. Both groups showed significant improvements in jump height from SJ to CMJ, with the "active" group improving by 11.04% and the 'non-active' group by 7.38%. Conclusion: Continuous physical activity enhances functional efficiency, with significant gains in explosive and reactive strength. Practical, evidence-based training is crucial for future kinesiologists to provide specialized services and promote health, underscoring the importance of integrating substantial practical activities in ESS degree courses

The Effects of the Use of Plyometric Exercises with and without the Ball in the Development of Explosive Strength in Volleyball

Volleyball primarily focuses on technical and tactical training with a ball. However, there is growing interest in integrating fitness training into volleyball practice, particularly to enhance explosive strength through plyometric methods, but there is a lack of a direct scientific comparison between training with and without the ball. This study aimed to compare the effects of two training protocols on volleyball players. One protocol combined plyometric exercises with technical gestures (wall drills) using the ball, while the other protocol excluded the ball during plyometric exercises. Twenty male volleyball players (aged 18.6 ± 0.3 years, height 189.8 ± 2.2 cm, weight 79.4 ± 1.6 kg) were divided into experimental (with ball) and control (without ball) groups. The analysis of the results highlights significant improvements in both the squat jumps (SJs) and the countermovement jumps with arm swing (CMJas) for both groups. While there were no significant differences between the groups for SJ, significant differences emerged in CMJas, indicating varied training effects. Specifically, the interaction effect was significant (p = 0.004), demonstrating a meaningful distinction in performance improvements between the two groups. The effect size of the interaction is moderate (ηp2 = 0.37, 95% CI: 0; 0.91). These results suggest that incorporating a ball into plyometric training can be beneficial for developing explosive strength in a different way, thereby improving performance due to the motivational stimulus provided. However, given the specificity of the sample and the training protocols used, further studies are needed to confirm these results and evaluate their applicability to a larger sample of volleyball players

Removing the division into categories between cycling and para-cycling (Handbike category H) by designing a single performance and training activity

Cycling and all categories of para-cycling including Handbike are cyclical sports, that is, sports characterized using a specific skill, continuous skill. To separate competitions between cyclists and paracyclists, there is a classification system. The study in aims to design one activity performance and training, to eliminate the division into categories between cycling and para-cycling (Handbike), since this does not favour the integration and sporting inclusion of the two groups of athletes. The differences in performance will be identified between: cyclists and paracyclists with spinal cord injury or amputation of the lower limbs (H). Then will proceed to design and verify an activity capable of making the two categories compete and train together, eliminating the differences in performance through the use of a "counterweight" and using a mixed training, HIIT (High Intensity Interval Training) and Endurance. The sample taken into consideration is composed of 5 cyclists and 5 paracyclists (H) aged between 19 and 38 years. To achieve the goal, the study was based on the method of analysing the scientific literature, detecting the various parameters in the race and using mathematical statistical methods, such as Multiple Regression and the T-Test for independent samples. The analysis of the results of this study shows that; between cyclists and para-cyclists who participated, there are substantial differences in performance, thanks to the data obtained from multiple regression, in which we find an R-squared value that is .999975008, also the only positive coefficient among the independent variables is that of power (6.760634791). This means that of all the reported values, it is the only one that directly affects performance

Functional classification and performance in wheelchair basketball

Wheelchair basketball players are classified into four classes based on the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation competition system. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the IWBF functional classification for wheelchair basketball was related to different performance field-based tests. Forty wheelchair basketball athletes took part in the study. The players carried out five field tests, three of which were quantitative, related to the three conditional skills (strength, endurance and speed test) and two of the qualitative type (accuracy and shooting ability tests). Pearson's correlation was performed to analyse the correlation between the score obtained from functional classification and the results of the wheelchair performance tests. The IWBF class was not correlated (p &lt;0.05) with any of the tests performed. Players with even major injuries, in their best wheelchair set-up, even achieved better times than upper-class players; therefore, the disability factor in these tests is not an index that determines performance disadvantage. The study shows that the functional classification does not affect the qualitative-quantitative performance, so the disabled athlete with a lower score is not disadvantaged in basketball

The use of enabling tests to provide a qualitative measurement of the sport skill level of small soccer players

Evaluation tests represent a fundamental step in the educational path of working with small football players. The method used is of an experimental type whose aim is to analyse the capacity of children in the execution of three fundamental technical aspects of football: Short and Long Passage, Header shot and Shot on Target from a stationary position and in movement. We want to emphasize the importance of training the technical gesture starting from the little ones. In fact, too much tacticism combined with a continuous search for physicality in every area of the field has produced in the last decade an innumerable series of technically poorly trained players. The tests were performed on a sample of 12 children of 10 years old that play championship under-10. The data shows the score from each child during the execution of the various tests from which the total result was obtained by adding the points awarded for each attempt. The average of the high scores for the various tests was 13 for short pass; 27.3 for long pass; 3.6 for the header shot t; 9.6, and 7.75 respectively for stationary and moving shot on goal. The results can be used at the beginning of the activity and when a new group is available to identify the gaps to work on and then they can be repeated in other and different periods of the season to verify how effective the work done up to that point was

Preliminary work about the basis data for monitoring youth soccer team planning training

The youth soccer is always important especially for the assessment and the data of development of skills. The monitoring of them it could be important for the trainer to reorganize the planning of training and for the adaptation to individual athlete Aim of the study is to recruit the quantitative data about the anthropometric and performance aspects for reutilize to rearrangement of training planning. Method is experimental and has to carry out the usual parameters for monitoring the trainings. Anthropometric data are weight, height, BMI and performance data are Vo2max (Cooper) speed triangle test (three corner run) and speed test with (dribbling) on a sample are 13 athletes of 13 years old that play championship under 14 . BMI Data shows 6 weight, 4 in overweight risk and 3 in overweight. Cooper test data shows 2 above- average, 5 average, 5 below average and 1 poor. Mean speed triangle test 32.38 seconds, mean dibbling test 25.39 seconds. The results have to be useful for tool method of training