Vertical luminophore particle tracer profiles expressed as relative counts for replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea in summer 2017 and 2018

Software: ImageJ (version 1.47s),Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station four replicate intact sediment cores (LWH: 20 x 20 x 12 cm) were obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores using a core extruder, transferred to transparent acrylic aquaria (internal dimensions, LWH: 20 x 20 x 34 cm) and overlain with ~8 L (20cm depth) surface seawater (salinity, ~34). Aquaria (2017, n = 20; 2018, n = 24) were randomly transferred to one of two insulated fibreglass seawater baths (LWH: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.8m, Tanks Direct, UK) and maintained at a representative ambient bottom temperature in the dark. Faunal mediated sediment particle reworking was estimated by establishing the redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores: 215g aquaria-1, fluorescent green, </span

Sediment particle size analysis for stations from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2017 and 2018

Sediment particle size frequency distributions from the USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores were determined optically using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 He-Ne LASER diffraction sizer and were used to resolve mean particle size, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. Samples were collected on cruises JR16006 and JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station, sediment samples were obtained from four replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores and analysed using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 He-Ne LASER diffraction sizer for sediment particle size at the University of Cambridge following a standard protocol (provided). Resolution: Laster particle analysis range 0.03-2000 &micro;m.</span

Experimental measurements for replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2017 and 2018

Standard protocols were followed and data entry double checked by independent person.,Measurements of benthic invertebrate particle reworking, bioirrigation, and associated nutrient concentrations used in the analyses by Solan et al. 2020 (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A) for shipboard incubations of replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea during summer 2017 and summer 2018. Data were collected on cruises JR16006 and JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station four replicate intact sediment cores (LWH: 20 x 20 x 12 cm) were obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores using a core extruder, transferred to transparent acrylic aquaria (internal dimensions, LWH: 20 x 20 x 34 cm) and overlain with ~8 L (20cm depth) surface seawater (salinity, ~34). Aquaria (2017, n = 20; 2018, n = 24) were randomly transferred to one of two insulated fibreglass seawater baths (LWH: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.8m, Tanks Direct, UK) and maintained at a representative ambient bottom temperature in the dark. Faunal mediated sediment particle reworking metrics were estimated after 12 days by establishing the redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores: 215g aquaria-1, fluorescent green, </span

Fluorescent sediment profile images (fSPI) for replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2017 and 2018

Images of the macrofaunal mediated redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores) for intact communities from the western Barents Sea after 12 days incubation. Images of all four sides of each aquarium are taken using a digital SLR camera housed within a UV illuminated imaging box. Data were collected on cruises JR16006 and JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station four replicate intact sediment cores (LWH: 20 x 20 x 12 cm) were obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores using a core extruder, transferred to transparent acrylic aquaria (internal dimensions, LWH: 20 x 20 x 34 cm) and overlain with ~8 L (20cm depth) surface seawater (salinity, ~34). Aquaria (2017, n = 20; 2018, n = 24) were randomly transferred to one of two insulated fibreglass seawater baths (LWH: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.8m, Tanks Direct, UK) and maintained at a representative ambient bottom temperature in the dark. Faunal mediated sediment particle reworking was estimated by establishing the redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores: 215g aquaria-1, fluorescent green, </span

Sediment organic material by loss on ignition for stations from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2017 and 2018

Sediment organic material content obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores are determined by loss on ignition. Samples were collected on cruises JR16006 and JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station, sediment samples were obtained from four replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores and analysed for sediment organic material content (%) at the University of Cambridge following a standard protocol (provided). Sediment weighted to 3 decimal places.</span

Sediment surface images (SSI) for replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2018

Original unedited images provided.,Images of the macrofaunal mediated redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores) for intact communities from the western Barents Sea after 12 days incubation. Images taken from above each aquarium using a digital SLR camera. Data were collected on the cruise JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39;&#39;&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,Data were collected from each of 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during research cruise (RRS James Clark Ross: JR17007 (10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station four replicate intact sediment cores (LWH: 20 x 20 x 12 cm) were obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores using a core extruder, transferred to transparent acrylic aquaria (internal dimensions, LWH: 20 x 20 x 34 cm) and overlain with ~8 L (20cm depth) surface seawater (salinity, ~34). Aquaria (n = 24) were randomly transferred to one of two insulated fibreglass seawater baths (LWH: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.8m, Tanks Direct, UK) and maintained at a representative ambient bottom temperature in the dark. Faunal mediated sediment particle reworking was estimated by establishing the redistribution of optically distinct particulate tracers (luminophores: 215g aquaria-1, fluorescent green, </span

Macrofaunal abundance and biomass for replicate macrofaunal communities from the Western Barents Sea for summer 2017 and 2018

Sediment cores were taken using a box corer. The sediment was subsampled using a 20 x 20 x 12 cm and incubated for 12 days. At the end of incubation, the macrofauna retained (500 um sieved) from each aquarium were fixed in 10% phosphate buffered formalin (4% formaldehyde) and stored in sealed plastic buckets for a minimum of three months. Prior to identification samples were rinsed and preserved in 70% industrial methylated spirit (IMS). Using a stereo microscope, all the animals were picked out of the residue, stored in vials containing 70% IMS, and identified to the lowest possible taxon with abundance and biomass per taxon noted. Biomass was obtained using blotted wet weight (+/- 0.0001g). The individual numbers of each taxa were counted to give abundance data. This was determined by the presence of a head in cases where specimens had been damaged. Any badly damaged specimens or parts of specimens where no head was present were separated into major group debris (annelid, mollusc and crustacea) pots and their presence noted as YES/NO for abundance). All molluscs were weighed inclusive of shells, tube dwelling polychaetes were weighed without tubes, and sediment was removed from the body cavity of specimens of Ctenodiscus crispatus prior to weighing. Samples were collected on cruises JR16006 and JR17007. Funding was provided by &#39;The Changing Arctic Ocean Seafloor (ChAOS) - how changing sea ice conditions impact biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystems&#39; project (NE/N015894/1 and NE/P006426/1, 2017-2021), part of the NERC funded Changing Arctic Ocean programme.,All data was input by 2 people and double checked at input. Biomass data was checked against the abundance data to ensure cells with values corresponded between the 2 files. Species names were checked against accepted names at http://www.marinespecies.org/. Faunal identification was independently quality assured by C. Louise McNeill and Tom Mesher (Plymouth Marine Laboratory).,Data were collected from each of 5 stations in 2017 (B13-B17) and 6 stations in 2018 (B13-B17 and Xs) during two consecutive cruises (RRS James Clark Ross: JR16006, 30th June to 8th August, 2017; JR17007: 10th July to 5th August, 2018) following a transect along the 30&deg;E meridian. At each station four replicate intact sediment cores (LWH: 20 x 20 x 12 cm) were obtained from replicate 0.1m2 USNL (Unites States Naval Laboratory) box cores using a core extruder, transferred to transparent acrylic aquaria (internal dimensions, LWH: 20 x 20 x 34 cm) and overlain with ~8 L (20cm depth) surface seawater (salinity, ~34). Aquaria (2017, n = 20; 2018, n = 24) were randomly transferred to one of two insulated fibreglass seawater baths (LWH: 1.2 x 1.2 x 0.8m, Tanks Direct, UK) and maintained at a representative ambient bottom temperature in the dark. At the end of incubation, the macrofauna retained (500 &micro;m sieved) from each aquarium were fixed in 10% phosphate buffered formalin (4% formaldehyde) and stored in sealed plastic buckets for a minimum of three months. Prior to identification samples were rinsed and preserved in 70% industrial methylated spirit (IMS). Using a stereo microscope, all the animals were picked out of the residue, stored in vials containing 70% IMS, and identified to the lowest possible taxon with abundance and biomass per taxon noted. Biomass was obtained using blotted wet weight (&plusmn; 0.0001g). The individual numbers of each taxa were counted to give abundance data. This was determined by the presence of a head in cases where specimens had been damaged. Any badly damaged specimens or parts of specimens where no head was present were separated into major group debris (annelid, mollusc and crustacea) pots and their presence noted as YES/NO for abundance). All molluscs were weighed inclusive of shells, tube dwelling polychaetes were weighed without tubes, and sediment was removed from the body cavity of specimens of Ctenodiscus crispatus prior to weighing. Resolution: A total of 2550 faunal individuals representing 153 taxa were recovered from stations B13-B17, with 1353 individuals (22.8602 g biomass) representing 123 taxa in 2017 and 1197 individuals (15.8390g biomass) representing 113 taxa in 2018. An additional 403 individuals (4.3943g biomass), representing 45 taxa, were recovered from station Xs in 2018. A total of 157 unique taxa (63% identified to species level, 92% to genus level; 2953 individuals, 43.0935g biomass), were recovered across all stations and both years. All data are values per aquarium.</span

HadCM3 model outputs: Spontaneous Dansgaard-Oeschger type oscillations

The Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3 - between 27.8 - 59.4 thousand of years before present, hereafter ka) was characterised by millennial-scale climate fluctuations, also known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) oscillations. During D-O events, atmospheric and oceanic conditions alternated between warm interstadial (of up to 10-16 degrees C increase in air temperatures over Greenland) and cold stadial states (Dansgaard et al., 1993; Huber et al., 2006; Kindler et al., 2014). This dataset contains model outputs for four MIS 3 simulations run with the Bristol version of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model3 (HadCM3b). The model outputs are presented as netCDF files and contain the following variables: surface temperature, ocean temperature, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), sea ice concentration, salinity and mixed layer depth.. The four simulations show D-O like behaviour, spontaneous D-O type oscillations. This work was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 820970

HadCM3 model outputs: Spontaneous Dansgaard-Oeschger type oscillations

The Marine Isotopic Stage 3 (MIS 3 - between 27.8 - 59.4 thousand of years before present, hereafter ka) was characterised by millennial-scale climate fluctuations, also known as Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) oscillations. During D-O events, atmospheric and oceanic conditions alternated between warm interstadial (of up to 10-16 degrees C increase in air temperatures over Greenland) and cold stadial states (Dansgaard et al., 1993; Huber et al., 2006; Kindler et al., 2014). This dataset contains model outputs for four MIS 3 simulations run with the Bristol version of the Hadley Centre Coupled Model3 (HadCM3b). The model outputs are presented as netCDF files and contain the following variables: surface temperature, ocean temperature, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), sea ice concentration, salinity and mixed layer depth.. The four simulations show D-O like behaviour, spontaneous D-O type oscillations. This work was funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 820970