Household out-of-pocket medical expenditures and national health insurance in Taiwan: income and regional inequality

BACKGROUND: Unequal geographical distribution of medical care resources and insufficient healthcare coverage have been two long-standing problems with Taiwan's public health system. The implementation of National Health Insurance (NHI) attempted to mitigate the inequality in health care use. This study examines the degree to which Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) has reduced out-of-pocket medical expenditures in households in different regions and varying levels of income. METHODS: Data used in this study were drawn from the 1994 and 1996 Surveys of Family Income and Expenditure. We pooled the data from 1994 and 1996 and included a year dummy variable (NHI), equal to 1 if the household data came from 1996 in order to assess the impact of NHI on household out-of-pocket medical care expenditures shortly after its implementation in 1995. RESULTS: An individual who was older, female, married, unemployed, better educated, richer, head of a larger family household, or living in the central and eastern areas was more likely to have greater household out-of-pocket medical expenditures. NHI was found to have effectively reduced household out-of-pocket medical expenditures by 23.08%, particularly for more affluent households. With the implementation of NHI, lower and middle income quintiles had smaller decreases in out-of-pocket medical expenditure. NHI was also found to have reduced household out-of-pocket medical expenditures more for households in eastern Taiwan. CONCLUSION: Although NHI was established to create free medical care for all, further effort is needed to reduce the medical costs for certain disadvantaged groups, particularly the poor and aborigines, if equality is to be achieved

Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data, 2005: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data, 2006: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data, 2010: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data, 2009: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data, 2008: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data, 2003: Open Access

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.Northern Ireland Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Data (prior to 2010 known as the Northern Ireland Road Traffic Collision Data) are derived from information recorded by the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) in relation to collisions reported to them. The information is captured on a collision report form (CRF) and while there are slight differences between this form and the Department for Transport’s STATS19 form (used in England, Scotland and Wales), the vast majority of the information sought is the same. The main aim of collecting and publishing road traffic collision statistics in Northern Ireland is to provide a basis for assisting the police and government to determine and monitor effective road safety policies to reduce the number of people killed and injured on the roads. Users should note that the data collection form changed format on 1st April 2007. Further information is available in the documentation. Data changes have also taken place over time: from 2011, individual age was replaced with age group. From 2014, the reference id variable changed from string format to a sequential reference number. Further information about the series is available on the PSNI Road Traffic Collision Statistics webpage, alongside the latest User Guide to Police Recorded Injury Road Traffic Collision Statistics in Northern Ireland. Main Topics:The data are divided into three files: Collision: The circumstances of the collisions - details include the collision severity, number of vehicles and casualties involved, time and location, weather and road conditions, and carriageway hazards. Vehicle: Vehicles involved in each collision - details include vehicle type, manoeuvre at time of collision, and data about the driver (age, sex). Casualty: Casualties resulting from a collision - details include age, sex, injury severity and whether a driver, passenger, pedestrian or cyclist

Pupil projections for Scotland

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