Assessment of the Quality Losses of Fresh Fig Fruits during Transportation

Turkey is one of the main fig fruits producers in the World. The protection of the fig fruit quality in the chains from harvesting to marketing is very important. Vibration often causes some damages to perishable fruits in transportation and reduces their quality. The fruit injury due to vibration is related to the transportation characteristics of vehicles, packaging boxes and the conditions of the roads. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of packaging box by different materials to decrease the damages of vertical vibration on the quality of three fresh fig varieties (Yediveren, Sarilop and Bursa Black) during transportation. The experiments were carried out in two stages. In the first stage; the frequency and acceleration values of truck were determined during the real transportation. In the second stage, these values were applied on the simulator (shaker) to examine the effect of vibration on fresh figs packaged with three different boxes. The results showed that the cardboard packaging box was not proper for transporting of the fresh fig fruits in all road conditions. The mass loss of fresh fig fruits packed with cardboard box were found to be 2.5 times more than extruded and expanded polystyrene boxes at 16 Hz frequency and 2.54 m s-2 acceleration. Sarilop fig variety was more damaged under the off-road. For long highway road conditions, Bursa Black fig variety was found the most affected fig variety

İki farklı olgunlaşma döneminde farklı parçalama boyutu ve sıkıştırma basıncının mısır silajının kalitesi üzerine etkileri

This study was conducted to determine effects of different harvesting period, chopping length and compression pressure on corn silage quality. For this purpose corn, which was at 1/4 and 1/2 milk line maturity period, was harvested by single row forager and chopped at18 and 22 mm sizes. Harvested corn was ensiled in 2 liter PVC tubes at 1 and 2 MPa pressure for fermentation. The physical and chemical analysis was performed after the ninety-day fermentation process and silage quality was determined. The pH, dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and metabolic energy (ME) values were % 3.83-3.88, 31.94-33.98, 4.82- 5.32, 2.94-2.43, 37.89-43.76, 24.09-27.04 and 2.32-2.20 Mcal kg-1 respectively with progressing of harvesting period (p<0.01). Flieg Scores were also increased from 115.74 to 117.62 depending of harvesting period (p<0.05). pH, crude fat and crude protein level values were changed respectively (3.84-3.87), (2.62-2.75) and (7.60-7.77) with increasing of compressing pressure (p<0.01). Lignin was increased from 3.28 to 3.48 (p<0.05) by increasing the chopping size. The Flieg score of all silages was 100 point Flieg Score. It was concluded that corn harvested at 1/4 or 1/2 milk line maturity can be chopped at 17-20 mm size and can be compressed with 1 MPa for well quality silage

Zapotrzebowanie na nowe urządzenie testowe do peletyzacji biomasy

As the bulk density of biomass material is low, some problems are encountered during storage, transport and usage of biomass. In order to overcome these problems, densification process is necessary to increase the bulk density of the biomass. Biomass characteristics are improved, the volumetric heating value of biomass is increased, transportation and storage costs of biomass are reduced and the combustion characteristics of biomass are improved by a biomass densification process. Nowadays, pelletizing machines are widely used in the course of biomass densification. During the pelletizing machine's operation, obtaining the high quality compressed biomass with high capacity and less energy consumption is closely related to the pelletizing machine’s design criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate all parameters that affect the pelletizing machine performance. In a laboratory scale, biomass pelletizing and densification tests are carried out by means of simplified pelletizing apparatus. Unfortunately, the tests that are executed by means of these apparatus, because of their operation principle, can not completely illustrate the pelletizing process and the forces which occur during this process. As the current systems which are used to simulate the pelletizing process are not sufficient, in order to clarify, model and optimize the pelletizing process much more effectively and to obtain necessary reliable data for pelletizing machine design, development of a new apparatus is necessary. The requirement of developing a new biomass pelletizing test device and its design principles are explained in this study.Ponieważ gęstość nasypowa biomasy jest niska, pojawiają się problemy podczas przechowywania, transportu i użytkowania biomasy. W celu pokonania tych problemów należy zastosować proces zagęszczenia by zwiększyć gęstość nasypową biomasy. Charakterystyka biomasy ulega poprawie, zwiększa się objętościowa wartość opałowa biomasy, koszty jej przechowania zostają zmniejszone a charakterystyka spalania biomasy poprawia się dzięki procesowi zagęszczenia. Obecnie, peleciarki mają szerokie zastosowanie w zagęszczaniu biomasy. Podczas pracy maszyny peletującej, osiągnięcie wysokiej jakości sprasowanej biomasy przy wysokiej wydajności i niskim zużyciu energii jest ściśle związane z kryteriami projektowania maszyny peletującej. Zatem, konieczne jest zbadanie parametrów, które wpływają na działanie maszyny peletującej. Na skale laboratoryjną, badania związane z peletyzacją i zagęszczaniem biomasy są prowadzone za pomocą uproszczonego aparatu peletyzującego. Niestety, badania, które prowadzone są za pomocą tej aparatury z powodu zasad jej działania nie mogą całkowicie zilustrować procesu peletyzacji i sił występujących podczas tego procesu. Ponieważ obecne systemy wykorzystywane w procesie peletyzcaji są niewystarczające, by wyjaśnić, wymodelować i zoptymizować proces peletyzacji w sposób bardziej skuteczny oraz by osiągnąć wiarygodne dane dla projektu maszyny peletującej, konieczne jest stworzenie nowej aparatury. Niniejsza praca wyjaśnia potrzebę stworzenia nowego urządzenia testowego do peletowania biomasy

Energetic and exergetic aspects of cotton stalk production in establishing energy policies

International Research Conference on Social Acceptance of Renewable Energy Innovation -- FEB, 2006 -- Tramelan, SWITZERLANDWOS: 000246346000032Exergy analysis is important for energy resource utilization, because exergy, which is a way to a sustainable future, is a part of the energy analysis. Exergy analysis starts to play a role in several countries in developing energy policy. This paper deals with the exergetic assessment of the cotton stalk (CS) production. In this regard, Turkey, which is one of the eight countries producing 85% of the world's cotton, is given as an application country first. Energy and exergy relations used in the analysis are then presented. Finally, the Turkish CS production in 2003 is evaluated using energy and exergy analyses method, while the results obtained are discussed. The values for the net energy and exergy gained are obtained to be about 49,146 and 59,395 MJ/ha, respectively. Turkey's total energy and exergy arc estimated to be 75.45 and 81.87PJ. It may be concluded that this amount of energy is equal to 7.77% and 2.38% of Turkey's primary energy production and consumption in the same year, respectively. The overall mean energy and exergy efficiencies of the cotton production in the year studied are found to be 33.06% and 33.12%, respectively. It is also expected that the results of this study will be helpful in developing highly applicable and productive planning for energy policies. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The Effects of Light Intensity, Casing Layers, and Layering Styles on Royal Sun Medicinal Mushroom, Agaricus brasiliensis (Higher Basidiomycetes) Cultivation in Turkey

WOS: 000354909800008PubMed ID: 25954965The aim of this research is to evaluate the effects of light intensity, casing layers, and layering styles on the production of the culinary-medicinal mushroom Agaricus brasiliensis in Turkey. The experiments were designed in split-split plots and replicated twice. Three different light intensities-I-1, 350 lux; I-2, 450 lux; and I-3, 750 lux- were used in main plots as environmental factors. A mixture of 4 different casing layers peat (100%), peat perlite (75%:25%), peat clinoptilolite (75%:25%), and peat perlite clinoptilolite (60%:20%:20%) were used at split plots and at split plots. S-1, a flat, 3-cm casing layer; S-2, a flat, 5-cm casing layer; and S-3, casing soil ridges 10 cm wide x 4 cm high, 10 cm apart, were deposited on top of 1-cm overall soil casing layers. At the end of the harvest phase, the total yield was estimated per 100 kg of substrate. Biological efficiency (percentage) was determined from the fresh weight of the mushrooms and the dry weight of the compost at the end of the harvesting period. The highest total yield (7.2 kg/100 kg compost) and biological efficiency (27.63%) were achieved from I-2 x peat perlite clinoptilolite X S-2 treatment. Influence of light intensity, casing layer, layering style, and their interaction in treatments with color values (L*, a*, b*, chroma*, and hue*) also were examined. It has been shown that within color values, chroma* (saturation) values of mushroom caps were affected by light intensity, casing layer, and layering style treatments and light intensity x casing layer treatments and the brightness of mushroom caps tended to increase as light intensity increased.Ege University Scientific Research Projects Department (SRP)Ege University [2005-ZRF-005]; commission of SRPThis research was financed by Ege University Scientific Research Projects Department (SRP) (project no. 2005-ZRF-005). The authors thank the commission of SRP for their support

The Condition and Sustainability of Animal Husbandry under Urban Area Pressure in İzmir-Bornova Rural

Günümüzde geniş alanlara yayılmaya başlayan kentler, kentsel ve kırsal alanları bir arada barındıran büyük yerleşim alanlarına dönüşmüş, bitkisel ve hayvansal üretim alanları üzerindeki baskısını artırmıştır. Gelişmiş ülkeler, kentsel yayılmanın baskısı altında kalan tarım alanları ile üretimin korunmasına ve geliştirilmesine yönelik sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişim politikaları oluşturmaya başlamışlardır. Türkiye’de ilgili yasal düzenlemelerle kentlerdeki büyükşehir belediyeleri, kırsal ve kentsel alanların tamamında sorumlu haline getirilmiş, kent kırsalındaki köyler mahalle statüsüne dönüştürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda kırsaldaki hayvancılık işletmeleri, kentin hızla büyüme baskısı altına girmiş ve aynı zamanda insan sağlığı ve çevre korunumuyla ilgili yasal kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu baskı ve kısıtlar hayvancılığın sürdürülebilirliğini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmada, İzmir ilindeki kentleşme olgusunun Bornova ilçesi kırsalındaki mevcut hayvancılık faaliyetleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış, hayvancılığın sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin öneriler geliştirmiştir.Today, the cities that have started to widen to large areas have turned into large residential areas that contain urban and rural areas together and have increased the pressure on plant and animal production areas. Developed countries have begun to create sustainable urban development policies aimed at conserving and improving production with agricultural areas under the pressure of urban expansion. Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey in the cities with the legal regulations related to rural and urban areas have become responsible for the entire village was transformed into a rural neighbourhood in the city status. in this context, the animal husbandry enterprises in the country have been under the pressure of rapid growth of the city and at the same time have faced legal restrictions on human health and environmental protection. These pressures and constraints have adversely affected the sustainability of livestock. in this study, the effects of urbanization in the province of İzmir on the existing livestock in rural Bornova province were investigated and suggestions on the sustainability of livestock were developed

İzmir-Bornova Kırsalında Kentsel Alan Baskısı Altındaki Hayvancılığın Durumu ve Sürdürülebilirliği

Today, the cities that have started to widen to large areas have turned into large residential areas that contain urban and rural areas together and have increased the pressure on plant and animal production areas. Developed countries have begun to create sustainable urban development policies aimed at conserving and improving production with agricultural areas under the pressure of urban expansion. Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey in the cities with the legal regulations related to rural and urban areas have become responsible for the entire village was transformed into a rural neighbourhood in the city status. in this context, the animal husbandry enterprises in the country have been under the pressure of rapid growth of the city and at the same time have faced legal restrictions on human health and environmental protection. These pressures and constraints have adversely affected the sustainability of livestock. in this study, the effects of urbanization in the province of İzmir on the existing livestock in rural Bornova province were investigated and suggestions on the sustainability of livestock were developed.Günümüzde geniş alanlara yayılmaya başlayan kentler, kentsel ve kırsal alanları bir arada barındıran büyük yerleşim alanlarına dönüşmüş, bitkisel ve hayvansal üretim alanları üzerindeki baskısını artırmıştır. Gelişmiş ülkeler, kentsel yayılmanın baskısı altında kalan tarım alanları ile üretimin korunmasına ve geliştirilmesine yönelik sürdürülebilir kentsel gelişim politikaları oluşturmaya başlamışlardır. Türkiye’de ilgili yasal düzenlemelerle kentlerdeki büyükşehir belediyeleri, kırsal ve kentsel alanların tamamında sorumlu haline getirilmiş, kent kırsalındaki köyler mahalle statüsüne dönüştürülmüştür. Bu bağlamda kırsaldaki hayvancılık işletmeleri, kentin hızla büyüme baskısı altına girmiş ve aynı zamanda insan sağlığı ve çevre korunumuyla ilgili yasal kısıtlamalarla karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu baskı ve kısıtlar hayvancılığın sürdürülebilirliğini olumsuz yönde etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmada, İzmir ilindeki kentleşme olgusunun Bornova ilçesi kırsalındaki mevcut hayvancılık faaliyetleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmış, hayvancılığın sürdürülebilirliğine ilişkin öneriler geliştirmiştir