INTRODUCTION LES JEUNES HAÏTIENS DANS LES AMÉRIQUES GÉNÉRATIONS, IDENTITÉ ET CIRCULATION TRANSNATIONALES

Les déplacements et la circulation à l’intérieur comme à l’extérieur des frontières d’Haïti sont des caractéristiques inhérentes à la société haïtienne. De leur captivité à la Traversée, de l’esclavage à la révolution haïtienne, la population a toujours été en mouvement. L’indépendance d’Haïti, au début du XIX e siècle, n’a fait que reformuler les paramètres économiques et sociopolitiques du mouvement et de la circulation de sa population. Des forces nationales et internationales ont élaboré différents mécanismes dans le but d’enrégimenter les travailleurs haïtiens dans la construction du canal de Panama, les plantations de Cuba au début du XX e siècle et

INTRODUCTION HAITIAN YOUTH IN THE AMERICAS: GENERATIONS, IDENTITY AND TRANSNATIONAL CIRCULATION

Movement and circulation within and beyond Haiti’s borders are inherent characteristics of Haitian society. From captivity to the middle passage, enslavement to the Haitian revolution, the population has always been on the move. Haiti’s independence in the early 19 th century only reframed the sociopolitical economic parameters of movement and circulation of its people. National and international forces have designed different mechanisms to regiment indentured Haitian workers in the construction of the Panama Canal, on early 20 th century plantations in Cuba and, more recently, in the Dominican Republic and beyond. Serial disasters, agrarian instability, social neglect and political cynicis

The Making of Migration Trails in the Americas: Ethnographic Network Tracing of Haitians on the Move - Chapter 13

Migrant vulnerability often begins at home, signalling to governments and communities in transit and destination countries that they are people who are unprotected and easy to exploit. Haiti, in many ways, epitomises this continuum of intersectional inequities which create a path dependency for vulnerability. This chapter is based on a multidisciplinary, mixed methods study that included ethnographic network tracing to capture how Haiti’s most educated youths, the talent Haiti needs to rebuild its institutions and the country, are caught on different migrant trails across the Americas. We use the concept of “circulation” to frame these fluid patterns of migration. On these constantly changing trails, Haitians on the move—already unprotected and deprived of basic rights at home—carry their path dependency to complex vulnerability across the Americas where they experience unequal access to rights and social protection

A Parallel Program Development Environment

This paper describes a programming environment aimed at developing and tuning message passing applications before actually running them in a real system with a large number of processors. Two basic tools in this environment are a simulator (Dimemas) and a visualization and analysis tool (Paraver) that are closely integrated. 1 Introduction Developing and tuning message passing programs is expensive both in programmer time and in hardware resources. Regarding development time there is still a lot of controversy on whether shared memory or distributed memory programming model is better. Even if shared memory is frequently presented as easier, it is also clear that there are commonalities in the shared and distributed memory approaches if performance on highly parallel machines is desired. Issues such as data distribution and minimization of communication have to be considered in both of them. Interestingly enough is the fact that the message passing programming model is very widely used..

Les jeunes Haïtiens dans les Amériques/Haitian Youth in the Americas

Le présent ouvrage examine les contextes dans lesquels les jeunes Haïtiens et les jeunes descendants d’Haïtiens négocient leurs conditions socioculturelles en Haïti et dans différentes sociétés des Amériques. Il embrasse une perspective transdisciplinaire à travers des thématiques croisées, traitées dans un cadre théorique axé autour des concepts de pratique, de génération, d’identité et de circulation transnationale. Les chapitres sont élaborés à partir des recherches longitudinales ainsi que des études de cas ou des situations cliniques recueillies dans différents contextes socioculturels. Ce livre apporte un éclairage unique sur la complexité des processus identitaires, sur l’ambivalence des modes d’appartenance et d’engagements des jeunes en Haïti, dans et à travers les sociétés dans lesquelles ils vivent ou circulent, et vers Haïti à partir de leurs sociétés d’accueil dans les Amériques. This book examines the contexts in which Haitian youth and young people of Haitian descent negotiate their socio-cultural conditions in Haiti and in different societies across the Americas. It uses a transdisciplinary perspective to consider interconnected themes affecting these youth through a theoretical framework centered on the concepts of practice, generation, identity and transnational circulation. The chapters are developed from longitudinal research as well as case studies or clinical situations collected in different socio-cultural contexts. This book provides unique insights into the complexity of identity processes as well as the ambivalence of the modes of belonging and engagement of young people of Haitian descent in Haiti and the societies throughout the Americas in which they live or circulate

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Haiti's Changing Remittance Landscape

ABSTRACT In 2020, analyses from multilateral institutions predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic would hamper remittance transfers to the Latin America and Caribbean region; yet they showed steady increases in 2020 and 2021. Haiti's remittance economy has largely maintained its vitality, helping families weather multiple crises. Drawing on data from a study of the impact of COVID-19 on Haitian households and remittance data from Haiti's Central Bank, this article examines Haiti's changing remittance landscape, with particular attention paid to new migratory flows to Latin America that have emerged since the January 2010 earthquake. Considering the increase in migration to Brazil and Chile, among other countries, between 2010 and 2020, we ask, what role have remittances from South America played in Haitian households leading up to and during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 Pandemic and Haiti's Changing Remittance Landscape

In 2020, analyses from multilateral institutions predicted that the COVID-19 pandemic would hamper remittance transfers to the Latin America and Caribbean region; yet they showed steady increases in 2020 and 2021. Haiti’s remittance economy has largely maintained its vitality, helping families weather multiple crises. Drawing on data from a study of the impact of COVID-19 on Haitian households and remittance data from Haiti’s Central Bank, this article examines Haiti’s changing remittance landscape, with particular attention paid to new migratory flows to Latin America that have emerged since the January 2010 earthquake. Considering the increase in migration to Brazil and Chile, among other countries, between 2010 and 2020, we ask, what role have remittances from South America played in Haitian households leading up to and during the COVID-19 pandemic?En 2020, los análisis de instituciones multilaterales predijeron que la pandemia por COVID-19 obstaculizaría las transferencias de remesas a la región de América Latina y el Caribe, no obstante, se experimentaron aumentos constantes en 2020 y 2021. La economía de remesas de Haití ha mantenido, en gran medida, su vitalidad, ayudando a las familias a superar múltiples crisis. A partir de obtenidos datos en un estudio sobre el impacto de la COVID-19 en los hogares haitianos y datos de remesas del Banco Central de Haití, este artículo examina el panorama cambiante de las remesas de Haití, con especial atención a los nuevos flujos migratorios hacia América Latina que han surgido desde el terremoto de enero de 2010. Así, se toma en cuenta el aumento de la migración haitiana a Brasil y Chile, entre otros países, durante 2010 y 2020, es que nos preguntamos: ¿Qué papel han jugado las remesas provenientes de América del Sur en los hogares haitianos antes y durante la pandemia por COVID-19

Haitian and Haitian American experiences of racism and socioethnic discrimination in Miami-Dade county: At-risk and court-involved youth

We examine how juvenile justice-involved youth of Haitian descent in Miami-Dade County cope with structural racism and its impact on their mental health. Drawing on longitudinal ethnography, psychosocial assessment data, and a family-based clinical intervention funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, this article explores youth narratives of discrimination prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We use critical race theory and theory of practice to understand youths\u27 perceptions as racialized bodies and stigmatized selves, highlighting the experiences and perspectives of a particular black immigrant group, ethnic beings caught up in the everyday practices of racialization, sociocultural marginalization, and racism. We frame these experiences as a variation of the complex continuum of structural racism and racial domination in the US. These experiences have caused anger, fear, anxiety, chronic anticipatory distress, and hopelessness among youth of Haitian descent. We conclude with some recommendations for therapeutic support that encourages youth to process their experiences, promotes their development of a positive self-concept, and provides them with mind-body techniques to attenuate the physical impacts of discriminatory events. The clinical trial registration number for this study intervention is NCT03876171

The internal brain drain: foreign aid, hiring practices, and international migration

Building on empirical material gathered in Haiti, this paper advances a new and innovative understanding of the internal brain drain phenomenon—the poaching of local skilled workers by international organisations (IOs) or international non-governmental organisations (INGOs)— by conceptualising it as an equilibrium. This equilibrium is composed of two sets of tensions: (i) those between the salary conditions in the public sector and those on offer to local personnel working for IOs and INGOs; and (ii) those inherent in the dual salary scale used by IOs and INGOs for local and international staff. These two sets of tensions contribute in their specific ways to international migration, and, as such, the internal brain drain has a bearing on external brain drain dynamics. In addition, the paper addresses the difficult policy choices facing development and humanitarian organisations, since every set of policies that impacts on one side of the equilibrium is bound to affect its other side.The project was funded primarily through the Research Fund of the University of Birmingham’s School of Government and Society, and in part by the Impact Acceleration Accounts scheme of the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC)

The internal brain drain: foreign aid, hiring practices, and international migration

Building on empirical material gathered in Haiti, this paper advances a new and innovative understanding of the internal brain drain phenomenon-the poaching of local skilled workers by international organisations (IOs) or international non-governmental organisations (INGOs)- by conceptualising it as an equilibrium. This equilibrium is composed of two sets of tensions: (i) those between the salary conditions in the public sector and those on offer to local personnel working for IOs and INGOs; and (ii) those inherent in the dual salary scale used by IOs and INGOs for local and international staff. These two sets of tensions contribute in their specific ways to international migration, and, as such, the internal brain drain has a bearing on external brain drain dynamics. In addition, the paper addresses the difficult policy choices facing development and humanitarian organisations, since every set of policies that impacts on one side of the equilibrium is bound to affect its other side