BIOMASSA E COMPRIMENTO DE RAÍZES FINAS EM POVOAMENTO DE Acacia mearnsii DE WILD. ESTABELECIDO EM ÁREA DEGRADADA POR MINERAÇÃO DE CARVÃO

The coal mining in open pit mining system cause great environmental degradation, mainly of the soil. The revegetação with arboreal species is the best form of recovering these areas. Among the potential species for the degraded areas recovery in the Brazil south, Acacia mearnsii stands out, for fast growth and symbiotic association capacity. The objective of present work was to estimate the biomass and the length of fine roots (≤ 2 mm of diameter) in different soil depths in a four years old Acacia mearnsii stands with 4 m x 1.5 spaced, established in a degraded area by coal mining. The study was carried out in Butiá (RS), in the Copelmi Mineração Ltda company. Four monoliths of 25 cm x 25 cm x 60 cm were sampled and divided into six geometric sections at depths 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 cm and in these same depths soil samples were collected for chemical and density analysis. Roots were separated from the soil by using a set of two sieves (mesh 2 mm and 1 mm) and water jets. The intersection method was used to determine root length. Fine root total biomass and length found for Acacia mearnsii were 6,924 kg ha-1 and 433,441 km ha-1, standing out that 86.78% and 86.59%, respectively, were concentrated in the first 20 cm of soil depth.A mineração de carvão em sistema de lavra a céu aberto ocasiona grande degradação ambiental, principalmente do solo. A revegetação com espécies arbóreas é a melhor forma de recuperar essas áreas. Dentre as espécies potenciais para a recuperação de áreas degradadas no Sul do Brasil, Acacia mearnsii destaca-se, em virtude de seu rápido crescimento e capacidade de associação simbiótica. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a biomassa e o comprimento de raízes finas (≤ 2 mm de diâmetro), em diferentes profundidades do solo, em povoamento de Acacia mearnsii, com 4 anos de idade e espaçamento 4 x 1,5 m, estabelecido em área degradada pela mineração de carvão. O estudo foi realizado no município de Butiá (RS), na empresa Copelmi Mineração Ltda. Foram amostrados quatro monólitos de 25 x 25 x 60 cm. Os monólitos foram divididos em seis perfis geométricos, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 cm. Nessas mesmas profundidades, foram coletadas amostras de solo para análise química e densidade. A separação das raízes do solo foi por meio de um conjunto de duas peneiras (2 e 1 mm de malha) e jatos d’água. Na determinação do comprimento de raízes, foi utilizado o método de intersecção. A biomassa e o comprimento total de raízes finas encontradas para a Acacia mearnsii foram de 6.924 kg ha-1 e 433.441 km ha-1, ressaltando que 86,78% e 86,59% desses valores, respectivamente, estavam concentrados nos primeiros 20 cm de profundidade do solo

Exigência nutricional de mudas de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) à adubação fosfatada.

Experiments were installed in the Forestry Technological Center belonging to Forest Science/CCR/UFSM Department in order to study the nutritional exigency of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. seedlings to fertilization of phosphorus doses. Vases with capacity of 2 dm3 were filled out with Red Yellow Argisol soil collected from a superficial layer (0-20 cm), which was homogenized, dried in the air, past in sieve of 5 mm and analyzed  chemically. As additional fertilization, 64 mg kg-1 of N and 38 mg kg-1 K were added the sources were CH4N2O and KCl. The experimental design used was completely randomized with 8 treatments and 6 repetitions, distributed in the following way: T1-control (sole without P addition), T2-90 mg kg-1, T3-180 mg kg-1, T4-270 mg kg-1, T5-360 mg kg-1, T6-450 mg kg-1, T7-540 mg kg-1 and T8-630 mg kg-1 of P, respectively. After 10 months, the following parameters were evaluated: the height of the aerial part, stem diameter, biomass above ground, root biomass and total biomass. The best development of the erva-mate seedlings were observed in the doses from 360 and 450 mg P kg-1. Com o objetivo de estudar a exigência nutricional de mudas de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) à adubação fosfatada, foi instalado um experimento no Centro Tecnológico de Silvicultura pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais/CCR/UFSM. Vasos com capacidade de 2 dm3 foram preenchidos com 2 kg de solo do tipo Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo coletado na camada superficial (0-20 cm), o qual foi destorroado, homogeneizado, seco ao ar, passado em peneira de 5 mm e posteriormente analisado quimicamente. Como adubação complementar, foram adicionados 64 mg kg-1 de N e 38 mg kg-1 de K, as fontes utilizadas foram CH4N2O e KCl, respectivamente. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado com oito tratamentos e seis repetições, distribuídos da seguinte forma: T1-testemunha (solo sem adição de P), T2-90 mg kg-1, T3-180 mg kg-1, T4-270 mg kg-1, T5-360 mg kg-1, T6-450 mg kg-1, T7-540 mg kg-1 e T8-630 mg kg-1 de P respectivamente, a fonte de P foi CaHPO4. Decorridos 10 meses da repicagem foram realizadas as medições das variáveis: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, biomassa acima do solo, biomassa radicular e biomassa total. O melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de erva-mate foi observado nas doses de 360 e 450 mg kg-1 de P

Effect of NPK and lime application on root-rot of erva-mate seedlings

O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de nitrogênio, potássio e fósforo e da calagem do solo sobre a incidência e severidade da podridão-de-raízes da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado fatorial (4x3x4). Os níveis dos fatores consistiram na inoculação ou não de Fusarium solani e Fusarium oxysporum (Fator F), em doses de calcário (Fator C) e NPK (Fator A) acima e abaixo do recomendado para a espécie. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos de polietileno contendo 2 kg de solo, mantidas em condições de casa de vegetação. A aplicação dos nutrientes foi baseada na análise química do solo, utilizando-se NH4NO2, P2O5 e KCl e calcário dolomítico como fontes de nutrientes. A inoculação dos isolados de Fusarium ocorreu quando as mudas estavam com cinco meses, mediante a incorporação no solo de uma suspensão de esporos. Foi observado que a aplicação de NPK e calcário contribuiu para a maior severidade dos sintomas da podridão-de-raízes da Erva-mate, sendo que, a menor manifestação de sintomas ocorreu com a aplicação de 50% da recomendação de NPK para a Erva-mate, sem aplicação de calcário.Palavras-chave: Controle de doenças; Ilex paraguariensis; nutrição de plantas; proteção florestal. AbstractEffect of NPK and lime application on root-rot of erva-mate seedlings. The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of different dosages of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus and liming on the incidence and severity of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) root-rot. The experimental design  was an entirely randomized factorial (4x3x4). The factors levels consisted in the inoculation or not of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum (Factor F), in lime (Factor C) and NPK dosages (Factor A) above and below the levels recommended for the species. The seedlings were cultivated in polypropylene vases containing 2 kg of soil, under greenhouse conditions. The nutrients application was based on the soil chemical analysis, with the utilization of NH4NO2, P2O5, and KCl and dolomite lime as nutrient sources. The inoculation of Fusarium isolates was performed when the seedlings were five months old, by soil incorporation of a spores suspension. It was observed that the NPK and lime application contributed to the highest severity of the erva-mate rot-root symptoms, and the smallest symptoms were observed with the application of 50% of the NPK recommended for the species, without lime application.Keywords: Disease control; Ilex paraguariensis; plant nutrition; forest protection.The present work aimed to evaluate the effect of different dosages of nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus and liming on the incidence and severity of erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil) root-rot. The experimental design  was an entirely randomized factorial (4x3x4). The factors levels consisted in the inoculation or not of Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum (Factor F), in lime (Factor C) and NPK dosages (Factor A) above and below the levels recommended for the species. The seedlings were cultivated in polypropylene vases containing 2 kg of soil, under greenhouse conditions. The nutrients application was based on the soil chemical analysis, with the utilization of NH4NO2, P2O5, and KCl and dolomite lime as nutrient sources. The inoculation of Fusarium isolates was performed when the seedlings were five months old, by soil incorporation of a spores suspension. It was observed that the NPK and lime application contributed to the highest severity of the erva-mate rot-root symptoms, and the smallest symptoms were observed with the application of 50% of the NPK recommended for the species, without lime application

Germinação e desenvolvimento de mudas de cultivares de nogueira‑pecã com estratificação de sementes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of seed stratification on germination rate, germination speed, and initial development of seedlings of six pecan (Carya illinoinensis) cultivars under subtropical climatic conditions in southern Brazil. For stratification, the seeds were placed in boxes with moist sand, in a cold chamber at 4°C, for 90 days. In the fourteenth week after sowing, the emergence speed index, total emergence, plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves were evaluated. Seed stratification significantly improves the germination potential and morphological traits of the evaluated cultivars.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da estratificação de sementes na taxa de germinação, na velocidade de germinação e no desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de seis cultivares de nogueira‑pecã (Carya illinoinensis) sob condições climáticas subtropicais, no Sul do Brasil. Para estratificação, as sementes foram acomodadas em caixas com areia úmida, em câmara fria a 4°C, por 90 dias. Na décima quarta semana após o plantio, foram avaliados o índice de velocidade de emergência, a emergência total, a altura da planta, o diâmetro do caule e o número de folhas. A estratificação das sementes melhora significativamente o potencial de germinação e as características morfológicas das cultivares avaliadas

ASPECTOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DA PODRIDÃO-DE-RAÍZES DA ERVA-MATE (Ilex paraguariensis)

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509818445The root-rot of  erva-mate, caused for Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia sp. and Pythium sp., is the main disease of the culture and causes serious damages in nurseries and forest stands. However, few studies exist regarding to the epidemiology of this disease. Thus, the present work studied and described the main epidemic aspects related to erva-mate root-rot in nurseries and forest stands. For that, nurseries and forest stands were chosen for studies in Vale do Taquari, RS state, where flowers, fruits, seeds, plantlets, seedlings and soil were collected for laboratory analyses. It was observed that the pathogens can enter in the patho-system through the flowers, because 80% of them presented contamination of Fusarium sp. and 15% of Rhizoctonia sp. Moreover, the obtaining method and stratification of the seeds, used in the nurseries, contribute to the increase of contamination, reaching 100% of the seeds in the moment of sowing. It was also observed that contaminated seedlings may be symptomless and, after transplanting in the field, contaminate pathogen free areas. Pathogenicity tests with some isolates showed their capacity of causing the disease.http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509818445A podridão-de-raízes da erva-mate, causada por Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia sp. e Pythium sp., é a principal doença da cultura e causa sérios prejuízos em viveiro e a campo. No entanto, existem poucos estudos referentes à epidemiologia dessa doença. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar e descrever os principais aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à podridão-de-raízes da erva-mate em viveiro e a campo. Para isso, foram demarcados para estudo ervais e viveiros localizados na região alta do Vale do Taquari - RS, nos quais se procedeu a coleta de flores, frutos, sementes, plântulas, mudas e substrato para análises laboratoriais. Observou-se que as flores podem ser a porta de entrada dos patógenos no patossistema, pois 80% delas apresentaram contaminação por Fusarium sp. e 15% por Rhizoctonia sp. Além disso, o método de obtenção e estratificação das sementes, utilizado pelos viveiristas, contribuem para o aumento da contaminação, chegando a 100% das sementes no momento da semeadura. Observou-se, também, que as mudas podem estar contaminadas, mesmo não apresentando sintomas e, ao serem replantadas a campo, venham a contaminar áreas livres dos patógenos. Os testes de patogenicidade com alguns isolados mostraram sua capacidade em causar a doença

Influência da aplicação de NPK e calcário sobre o crescimento da erva- mate, severidade da podridão-de-raízes e população fúngica do solo

The present work evaluated the influence of the application of NPK and liming doses in the soil, on the growth of Erva-mate, the severity of rot-root and the fungi population of the soil. To do so, an experiment was installed at the green house, in the Forest Nursery of UFSM, using an experimental design completely randomized factorial 4x3x4 (Factor F: Fusarium spp. inoculation; Factor C: soil limestone; Factor A: NPK doses) , totaling 48 treatments. The seedlings were cultivated in vases containing 2 kg of soil, classified as ‘Red-Yellow Argisoil’ (clay soil). At the end of the experiment was measured the stem diameter, height of the aerial part, leaves number, aerial dry biomass, root dry biomass and total dry biomass of the seedlings. Also, the soil was collected, from each treatment, for the chemical analysis and the counting of the fungi population. It was observed that the association among application of NPK and liming in the soil hampered the development of Erva-mate seedlings. The analysis of some variables suggests that the limestone absence provided greater resistance of seedlings to the attack of Fusarium spp. or the severity of Fusarium spp. was reduced in lower pH. The fungi population of the soil presented varied behavior depending on the applied treatments.Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes doses de NPK e calcário sobre o crescimento da Erva-mate, a severidade da Podridão-de-raízes e a população fúngica do solo. Para isso, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegetação, no Viveiro Florestal da UFSM, utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 4x3x4 (Fator F: inoculação de Fusarium spp.; Fator C: calagem do solo; Fator A: doses de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio), totalizando 48 tratamentos. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 2 kg de solo, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Ao final do experimento foram medidos o diâmetro do colo, a altura a partir do colo, número de folhas, biomassa seca aérea, radicular e biomassa total das mudas. Também foi coletado solo, de cada tratamento, para análise química e contagem da população fúngica. Foi observado que a associação entre adubação NPK e calagem do solo prejudicou o desenvolvimento das mudas de Erva-mate. Pela análise de algumas variáveis sugere-se que a ausência de calagem proporcionou maior resistência às mudas ao ataque de Fusarium spp. ou, a severidade de Fusarium spp. foi diminuída em pH mais baixo. A população fúngica do solo apresentou comportamento variado em função dos tratamentos aplicados

Influence of NPK and lime aplication on erva-mate growth, root-rot severity and soil fungi population

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influ\ueancia da aplica\ue7\ue3o de diferentes doses de NPK e calc\ue1rio sobre o crescimento da Erva-mate, a severidade da Podrid\ue3o-de-ra\uedzes e a popula\ue7\ue3o f\ufangica do solo. Para isso, foi instalado um experimento em casa de vegeta\ue7\ue3o, no Viveiro Florestal da UFSM, utilizando um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 4x3x4 (Fator F: inocula\ue7\ue3o de Fusarium spp.; Fator C: calagem do solo; Fator A: doses de nitrog\ueanio, f\uf3sforo e pot\ue1ssio), totalizando 48 tratamentos. As mudas foram cultivadas em vasos contendo 2 kg de solo, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo. Ao final do experimento foram medidos o di\ue2metro do colo, a altura a partir do colo, n\ufamero de folhas, biomassa seca a\ue9rea, radicular e biomassa total das mudas. Tamb\ue9m foi coletado solo, de cada tratamento, para an\ue1lise qu\uedmica e contagem da popula\ue7\ue3o f\ufangica. Foi observado que a associa\ue7\ue3o entre aduba\ue7\ue3o NPK e calagem do solo prejudicou o desenvolvimento das mudas de Erva-mate. Pela an\ue1lise de algumas vari\ue1veis sugere-se que a aus\ueancia de calagem proporcionou maior resist\ueancia \ue0s mudas ao ataque de Fusarium spp. ou, a severidade de Fusarium spp. foi diminu\uedda em pH mais baixo. A popula\ue7\ue3o f\ufangica do solo apresentou comportamento variado em fun\ue7\ue3o dos tratamentos aplicados.The present work evaluated the influence of the application of NPK and liming doses in the soil, on the growth of Erva-mate, the severity of rot-root and the fungi population of the soil. To do so, an experiment was installed at the green house, in the Forest Nursery of UFSM, using an experimental design completely randomized factorial 4x3x4 (Factor F: Fusarium spp. inoculation; Factor C: soil limestone; Factor A: NPK doses) , totaling 48 treatments. The seedlings were cultivated in vases containing 2 kg of soil, classified as \u2018Red-Yellow Argisoil\u2019 (clay soil). At the end of the experiment was measured the stem diameter, height of the aerial part, leaves number, aerial dry biomass, root dry biomass and total dry biomass of the seedlings. Also, the soil was collected, from each treatment, for the chemical analysis and the counting of the fungi population. It was observed that the association among application of NPK and liming in the soil hampered the development of Erva-mate seedlings. The analysis of some variables suggests that the limestone absence provided greater resistance of seedlings to the attack of Fusarium spp. or the severity of Fusariumspp. was reduced in lower pH. The fungi population of the soil presented varied behavior depending on the applied treatments

Influência da inoculação de Fusarium spp. e níveis de sombreamento no crescimento e desenvolvimento da erva-mate

The “erva-mate” (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hill) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the “mate” or “chimarrão”, the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The “erva-mate” is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels.A erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) é uma espécie amplamente cultivada no sul do Brasil e países vizinhos. Suas folhas e galhos finos, preparados segundo método apropriado, fornecem o mate ou chimarrão, o mais popular chá consumido no Brasil e exportado para todo o mundo. Com o aumento da área plantada, sobretudo na última década, os problemas fitossanitários causados por pragas e doenças aumentaram e, dentre estes, a podridão-de-raízes vem se tornando um dos principais. A doença é causada por Fusarium spp. e provoca sérios danos decorrentes da destruição do sistema radicular, ocasionando, nos casos mais graves, morte da planta. A erva-mate é uma espécie que habita o sub-bosque da mata e o cultivo de forma homogênea a pleno sol pode ser um fator estressante ocasionando menor crescimento e desenvolvimento e também torná-la mais susceptível à podridão-de-raízes. Assim, foram instalados experimentos na área do Viveiro Florestal pertencente ao Departamento de Ciências Florestais da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com o objetivo de confirmar tais hipóteses. O experimento foi desenvolvido em um esquema fatorial (2 x 5), composto pela inoculação de Fusarium spp. e por níveis de sombreamento. Foi observado que plantas submetidas aos menores níveis de sombreamento ou a pleno sol tiveram seu desenvolvimento prejudicado e ficaram mais suscetíveis à doença. As plantas inoculadas com Fusarium spp. tiveram menor desenvolvimento em comparação com as não inoculadas, especialmente nos menores níveis de sombreamento

Influência da inoculação de <i>Fusarium</i> spp. e níveis de sombreamento no crescimento e desenvolvimento da erva-mate

The erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) is a species broadly cultivated in southern Brazil and neighboring countries, whose leaves and fine branches, prepared according to the appropriate method, make the mate or "chimarrão", the most popular tea consumed in Brazil and exported around the world. With an increasing planted area, mainly in the last decade, phytosanitary problems caused by pests and disease have increased in this crop and root-rot is becoming one of the main problems. The disease is caused by Fusarium spp. and it causes serious damage to the roots, in the most serious cases, leading to the death of the plant. The erva-mate is a species that inhabits the forest underwood, and cultivation in a homogeneous way to full sun can be a stressful factor for the species causing less growth and development and, also, more susceptibility to root-rot. Therefore, experiments were conducted in the Forest Nursery area belonging to Forest Sciences Department of the Federal University Santa Maria with the objective of confirming these assumptions. The experiment was conducted in a factorial design (2 x 5), composed by Fusarium spp. inoculation and by shading levels. It was verified that plants submitted to lower shading levels or full sun had less development and were more susceptible to the disease. The plants inoculated with Fusarium spp. had less development in comparison with non-inoculated plants, mainly at the lower shading levels

NUTRITIONAL EXIGENCY OF ERVA-MATE ( Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) SEEDLINGS TO THE PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION

Experiments were installed in the Forestry Technological Center belonging to Forest Science/CCR/UFSM Department in order to study the nutritional exigency of Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. seedlings to fertilization of phosphorus doses. Vases with capacity of 2 dm3 were filled out with Red Yellow Argisol soil collected from a superficial layer (0-20 cm), which was homogenized, dried in the air, past in sieve of 5 mm and analyzed chemically. As additional fertilization, 64 mg kg-1 of N and 38 mg kg-1 K were added the sources were CH4N2O and KCl. The experimental design used was completely randomized with 8 treatments and 6 repetitions, distributed in the following way: T1-control (sole without P addition), T2-90 mg kg-1, T3-180 mg kg-1, T4-270 mg kg-1, T5-360 mg kg-1, T6-450 mg kg-1, T7-540 mg kg-1 and T8-630 mg kg-1 of P, respectively. After 10 months, the following parameters were evaluated: the height of the aerial part, stem diameter, biomass above ground, root biomass and total biomass. The best development of the erva-mate seedlings were observed in the doses from 360 and 450 mg P kg-1