Epithelial responses and Candida albicans pathogenicity are enhanced in the presence of oral streptococci.

Experimental models that consider host-pathogen interactions are relevant for improving knowledge about oral candidiasis. The aim of this study was to assess the epithelial immune responses, Candida penetration of cell monolayers, and virulence during mixed species culture infections. Single species cultures of Candida albicans and mixed cultures (C. albicans, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus sanguinis) were used to infect monolayers of HaCaT and FaDu ATCC HTB-43 cells for 12 h. After infection, IL-18 and IL-34 gene expression was measured to assess epithelial cell immune responses, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was measured as an indicator of cell damage. Microscopy determined C. albicans morphology and penetration of fungal cells through the keratinocyte monolayer. Monolayers devoid of infection served as controls. Data were analyzed by an ANOVA one-way test followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (α = 0.05). The results found that IL-18 and IL-34 gene expression and LDH activity were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated for both cell lines exposed to mixed species cultures compared with C. albicans alone. Candida albicans yeast and hyphae were evident in C. albicans only infections. In contrast, monolayers infected by C. albicans, S. mutans, and S. sanguinis exhibited higher microbial invasion with several hyphal aggregates detected. The presence of streptococci in C. albicans infection enhances the virulence and pathogenicity of the fungus with associated increased immune responses and tissue damage. Extrapolation of these findings to oral infection would indicate the added potential benefit of managing bacterial components of biofilms during treatment

Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais frente a amostras clínicas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos Antifungal activity of essential oils against clinical samples of Candida albicans isolated from HIV-positive patients

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) e Cinnamomum cassia Blume (canela da china) sobre cepas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Quinze amostras clínicas de C. albicans (C1-C15) foram repicadas em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, para confecção de suspensões em solução salina estéril (0,9%) contendo 1,5 x 10(6) UFC mL-1. As emulsões dos óleos essenciais foram preparadas em água destilada estéril e tween 80, com concentrações variando entre 1024 µg mL-1 e 4 µg mL-1. A ação antifúngica foi determinada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) utilizando-se a técnica da microdiluição. Foram utilizados como controles positivos a nistatina e o miconazol (50 µg mL-1). Os testes foram realizados em triplicata, sendo a CIM, a menor concentração capaz de inibir o crescimento das leveduras, observada por método visual de acordo com a turvação do meio de cultura. Para C. albicans (ATCC 76845), a CIM do óleo essencial de C. cassia foi 64 µg mL-1, enquanto para óleo de C. martinii foi 1024 µg mL-1. Para as cepas clínicas, verificou-se que a CIM de C. cassia para 80% das cepas foi 64 µg mL-1, sendo a variação dos valores da CIM entre 128 µg mL-1 e 64 µg mL-1. Observou-se que para 66,6% das amostras clínicas, a CIM de C. martinii foi 612 µg mL-1. Constatou-se que a nistatina não apresentou atividade frente às cepas clínicas (C1-C15), enquanto a atividade antifúngica do miconazol foi verificada em 100% das amostras. Não se constatou atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris, nas concentrações avaliadas. Concluiu-se que os óleos essenciais de C. cassia e C. martinii, em diferentes concentrações, apresentam atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de C. albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Entretanto não foi observada inibição antimicrobiana para os óleos de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Chinese cinnamon) against Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). Fifteen clinical samples of C. albicans (C1-C15) were subcultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar to prepare suspensions in sterile saline solution (0.9%) containing 1.5 x 10(6) CFU mL-1. The emulsions of essential oils were prepared in sterile distilled water and Tween 80, with concentrations ranging between 1024 µg mL-1 and 4 µg mL-1. The antifungal action was determined by means of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using the microdilution technique. Nystatin and miconazole (50 µg mL-1) were used as positive controls. The tests were performed in triplicate and the MIC was the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting the growth of yeasts, which was observed by the visual method, according to the turbidity of the culture medium. For C. albicans (ATCC 76845), the MIC of C. cassia essential oil was 64 µg mL-1, while the MIC for C. martini was 1024 µg mL-1. Considering the clinical strains, the MIC of C. cassia was 64 µg mL-1 for 80% of the strains, and the variation in MIC values was between 128 µg mL-1 and 64 µg mL-1. For 66.6% of the clinical samples, the MIC of C. matinii was 612 µg mL-1. Nystatin did not present activity against the clinical strains (C1-C15), while the antifungal activity of miconazole was noticed for 100% of the samples. The antimicobrial activity of essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris was not identified at the evaluated concentrations. It was concluded that the essential oils from C. cassia and C. martinii, at different concentrations, presented antifungal activity against C. albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). However, antifungal activity was not observed for the essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris

Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais frente a amostras clínicas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos

Objetivou-se avaliar a atividade antifúngica dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (tomilho) e Cinnamomum cassia Blume (canela da china) sobre cepas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Quinze amostras clínicas de C. albicans (C1-C15) foram repicadas em ágar Sabouraud Dextrose, para confecção de suspensões em solução salina estéril (0,9%) contendo 1,5 x 10(6) UFC mL-1. As emulsões dos óleos essenciais foram preparadas em água destilada estéril e tween 80, com concentrações variando entre 1024 µg mL-1 e 4 µg mL-1. A ação antifúngica foi determinada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) utilizando-se a técnica da microdiluição. Foram utilizados como controles positivos a nistatina e o miconazol (50 µg mL-1). Os testes foram realizados em triplicata, sendo a CIM, a menor concentração capaz de inibir o crescimento das leveduras, observada por método visual de acordo com a turvação do meio de cultura. Para C. albicans (ATCC 76845), a CIM do óleo essencial de C. cassia foi 64 µg mL-1, enquanto para óleo de C. martinii foi 1024 µg mL-1. Para as cepas clínicas, verificou-se que a CIM de C. cassia para 80% das cepas foi 64 µg mL-1, sendo a variação dos valores da CIM entre 128 µg mL-1 e 64 µg mL-1. Observou-se que para 66,6% das amostras clínicas, a CIM de C. martinii foi 612 µg mL-1. Constatou-se que a nistatina não apresentou atividade frente às cepas clínicas (C1-C15), enquanto a atividade antifúngica do miconazol foi verificada em 100% das amostras. Não se constatou atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris, nas concentrações avaliadas. Concluiu-se que os óleos essenciais de C. cassia e C. martinii, em diferentes concentrações, apresentam atividade antifúngica sobre cepas de C. albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos e cepa padrão (ATCC 76845). Entretanto não foi observada inibição antimicrobiana para os óleos de O. basilicum e T. vulgaris.The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Cymbopogon martinii L. (palmarosa), Thymus vulgaris L. (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Chinese cinnamon) against Candida albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). Fifteen clinical samples of C. albicans (C1-C15) were subcultured in Sabouraud Dextrose agar to prepare suspensions in sterile saline solution (0.9%) containing 1.5 x 10(6) CFU mL-1. The emulsions of essential oils were prepared in sterile distilled water and Tween 80, with concentrations ranging between 1024 µg mL-1 and 4 µg mL-1. The antifungal action was determined by means of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), using the microdilution technique. Nystatin and miconazole (50 µg mL-1) were used as positive controls. The tests were performed in triplicate and the MIC was the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting the growth of yeasts, which was observed by the visual method, according to the turbidity of the culture medium. For C. albicans (ATCC 76845), the MIC of C. cassia essential oil was 64 µg mL-1, while the MIC for C. martini was 1024 µg mL-1. Considering the clinical strains, the MIC of C. cassia was 64 µg mL-1 for 80% of the strains, and the variation in MIC values was between 128 µg mL-1 and 64 µg mL-1. For 66.6% of the clinical samples, the MIC of C. matinii was 612 µg mL-1. Nystatin did not present activity against the clinical strains (C1-C15), while the antifungal activity of miconazole was noticed for 100% of the samples. The antimicobrial activity of essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris was not identified at the evaluated concentrations. It was concluded that the essential oils from C. cassia and C. martinii, at different concentrations, presented antifungal activity against C. albicans strains isolated from HIV-positive patients and the standard strain (ATCC 76845). However, antifungal activity was not observed for the essential oils from O. basilicum and T. vulgaris

Evaluation Of Users Of Basic Attention Healthcare About The Implantation Of An Integral Dental Assistance Protocol [avaliação De Usuários Da Atenção Básica Sobre A Implantação De Protocolo De Assistência Integral Odontológica]

Objective: To evaluate the perception of basic attention healthcare users as to the implantation of the Integral Dental Assistance Protocol (PAIO, in Portuguese) and the effect of this program on the oral health condition, oral hygiene, access to and resolubility of the service, in a public basic health unit of João Pessoa-PB. Method: The sample was composed of 32 volunteers, for whom a sixphase intervention was programed: diagnosis of dental needs; resolution of urgencies; restorative interventions; application of promotional measures; evaluation of the health level obtained; and periodic follow-up visits. Data were collected by means of a semistructured interview and a questionnaire, applied before and after PAIO implantation. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed according to the content analysis technique. The effect of PAIO implantation was evaluated by using an increasing scoring system ranging from 1 to 10. The Wilcoxon test was applied with a confidence level of 95%. Results: For the participants that attended the PAIO (n=20), the program contributed to improve oral health condition (100%) and knowledge (100%). The users reported satisfaction (n=12) and had a positive evaluation (n=12), achieved by means of the improvement of oral health condition (n=8), faster and easier access to treatment (n=7), scheduling of dental appoints and warrant of being treated (n=6), welcoming (n=5), motivation for oral care (n=5), and perspective of continuity of PAIO (n=6). The initial evaluation of the users received scores between 5.7 and 7.6. After PAIO implantation, the users' perception was improved (p<0.01), with scores between 9.6 and 9.9. Conclusion: According to the users, the implantation of PAIO contributed to the qualification of health service and oral health care, being a favorable aspect to increase the access to and resolubility of the service.123405412(2004) Coordenação Nacional de Saúde Bucal, , Brasil, Ministério da Saúde, Política Nacional de Saúde Bucal. BrasíliaBaldani, M.H., Fadel, C.B., Possamai, T., Queiroz, M.G.S., A inclusão da odontologia no Programa Saúde da Família no Estado do Paraná, Brasil (2005) Cad Saúde Pública, 21 (4), pp. 1026-1035Escorel, S., Giovanella, L., Mendonça, M.H.M., Senna, M.C.M., O Programa de Saúde da Família e a construção de um novo modelo para a atenção básica no Brasil (2007) Rev Panam Salud Pública, 21 (2), pp. 164-176Junqueira, S.R., Pannuti, C.M., Rode, S.M., Oral Health in Brazil-Part I: Public Oral Health Policies (2008) Braz Oral Res, 22 (1), pp. 8-17Beirne, P.V., Clarkson, J.E., Worthington, H.V., Recall intervals for oral health in primary care patients (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, pp. 1-39Gaião, L., Wanderley, J.N.B., Almeida, R.V.D., Padilha, W.W.N., Promovendo saúde bucal em uma clínica de ensino odontológico (2005) J Bras Clin Odontol Integr, 9 (49), pp. 105-112Mettes, T.G., van der Sanden, W.J.M., Bronkhorst, E., Grol, R.P.T.M., Wensing, M., Plasschaert, A.J.M., Impact of guideline implementation on patient care: A cluster RCT (2010) J Dent Res, 89 (1), pp. 71-76Norremose, R., Teixeira, K.I.R., Munari, L.S., Moreira, N.A., Magalhães, C.S., Manutenção preventiva na clínica integrada: Necessidades de tratamento e intervalo do retorno (2010) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 10 (2), pp. 279-283Projeto SB Brasil 2003 (2003) Condições de saúde bucal da população brasileira 2002-2003: Resultados Principais, , Brasil, Ministério da Saúde, BrasíliaProjeto SB Brasil 2010. Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal-2010 (2010) Nota para a Imprensa, , Brasil, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília(2008) Levantamento das Condições de Saúde Bucal da População da Cidade de João Pessoa-PB, p. 54. , João Pessoa. Secretaria Municipal de Saúde. Gerência da Atenção Básica. Coordenação de Saúde Bucal, Dados Preliminares. João Pessoa: Secretaria de SaúdePinelli, C., Silva, S.R.C., Loffredo, L.C.M., Saúde bucal no contexto do programa de assistência odontológica de uma unidade básica de saúde do município de Araraquara, SP (2007) Rev Odontol UNESP, 36 (1), pp. 85-90Lakatos, E.M., Marconi, M.A., (2009) Fundamentos da metodologia científica, p. 315. , São Paulo: AtlasMedronho, R.A., Bloch, K.V., Luiz, R.R., Werneck, G.L., (2009) Epidemiologia, p. 685. , 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: AtheneuPadilha, W.W.N., (2003) Manual da clínica integrada da Universidade Federal da Paraíba, p. 12. , João Pessoa: UFPBBordoni, N., Programas preventivos (1993) Programa de educacíon continuada odontológica no convencional: Odontologia preventiva-medidas y programas preventivos, p. 140. , In: Bordoni N, 2. ed. Washington DC: Organización Panamericana de la SaludBardin, L., (1979) Análise de conteúdo, 70, p. 281. , Lisboa: EdiçõesOliveira, D.C., Análise de conteúdo temático-categorial: Uma proposta de sistematização (2008) Rev Enferm UERJ, 16 (4), pp. 569-576Cruz, D.F., (2010) A organização do cuidado em saúde bucal de cidades da 1 a Macrorregional de Saúde da Paraíba, , [Dissertação]. João Pessoa: Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelos de Decisão em Saúde. Universidade Federal da ParaíbaCamargo, M.B.J., Dumith, S.C., Barros, A.J.D., Uso regular de serviços odontológicos entre adultos: Padrões de utilização e tipos de serviços (2009) Cad Saúde Pública, 25 (9), pp. 1894-1906Almeida, R.V.D., Padilha, W.W.N., Clínica Integrada: É possível promover saúde bucal numa Clínica de Ensino Odontológico (2001) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 1 (3), pp. 23-30Wanderley, J.N.B., Pereira, G.A.S., Padilha, W.W.N., Barreto, R.C., Estudo da efetividade dos serviços odontológicos oferecidos pela disciplina de clínica integrada da UFPB (2002) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 2 (1), pp. 37-42Almeida, R.V.D., Gaião, L., Padilha, W.W.N., Avaliação do ensino odontológico em clínica integrada (2001) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 1 (2), pp. 29-35Tiedmann, C.R., Linhares, E., Silveira, J.L.G.C., Clínica integrada odontológica: Perfil e expectativas dos usuários e alunos (2005) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 5 (1), pp. 53-58Poi, W.R., Lawall, M.L., Simonato, L.E., Giovanini, E.G., Panzarini, S.R., Pedrini, D., Onze anos de avaliação dos planos de tratamento e tratamentos realizados pela Disciplina de Clínica Integrada, Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba-UNESP (2006) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 6 (3), pp. 237-242Brandini, D.A., Poi, W.R., Mello, M.L.M., McEdo, A.P.A., Panzarini, S.R., Pedrini, D., Caracterização social dos pacientes atendidos na disciplina de clínica integrada da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba, UNESP (2008) Pesq Bras Odontoped Clin Integr, 8 (2), pp. 245-25

Candida Albicans Biofilms And Mma Surface Treatment Influence The Adhesion Of Soft Denture Liners To Pmma Resin

The effect of Candida albicans biofilms and methyl methacrylate (MMA) pretreatment on the bond strength between soft denture liners and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resin was analyzed. Specimens were prepared and randomly divided with respect to PMMA pretreatment, soft liner type (silicone-based or PMMA-based), and presence or absence of a C. albicans biofilm. Samples were composed of a soft denture liner bonded between two PMMA bars. Specimens (n = 10) were incubated to produce a C. albicans biofilm or stored in sterile PBS for 12 days. The tensile bond strength test was performed and failure type was determined using a stereomicroscope. Surface roughness (SR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed on denture liners (n = 8). Highest bond strength was observed in samples containing a silicone-based soft liner and stored in PBS, regardless of pretreatment (p < 0.01). Silicone-based specimens mostly underwent adhesive failures, while samples containing PMMA-based liners predominantly underwent cohesive failures. The silicone-based specimens SR decreased after 12 days of biofilm accumulation or PBS storage, while the SR of PMMAbased soft liners increased (p < 0.01). The PMMA-based soft liners surfaces presented sharp valleys and depressions, while silicone-based specimens surfaces exhibited more gentle features. In vitro exposure to C. albicans biofilms reduced the adhesion of denture liners to PMMA resin, and MMA pretreatment is recommended during relining procedures.2816166Pisani, M.X., Malheiros-Segundo, A.L., Balbino, K.L., Souza, R.F., Paranhos, H.F., Silva, C.H., Oral health related quality of life of edentulous patients after denture relining with a silicone-based soft liner (2012) Gerodontology., 29 (2), pp. 474-480. , JunMutluay, M.M., Oguz, S., Fløystrand, F., Saxegaard, E., Dogan, A., Bek, B., A prospective study on the clinical performance of polysiloxane soft liners: one-year results (2008) Dent Mater J., 27 (3), pp. 440-447. , MayMonsenego, P., Presence of microorganisms on the fitting denture complete surface: study 'in vivo' (2000) J Oral Rehabil., 27 (8), pp. 708-713. , AugUludamar, A., Özyesil, A.G., Ozkan, Y.K., Clinical and microbiological efficacy of three different treatment methods in the management of denture stomatitis (2011) Gerodontology., 28 (2), pp. 104-110. , JunRinastiti, M., Özcan, M., Siswomihardjo, W., Busscher, H.J., van der Mei, H.C., Effect of biofilm on the repair bond strengths of composites (2010) J Dent Res., 89 (12), pp. 1476-1481. , DecLeles, C.R., Machado, A.L., Vergani, C.E., Giampaolo, E.T., Pavarina, A.C., Bonding strength between a hard chairside reline resin and a denture base material as influenced by surface treatment (2001) J Oral Rehabil., 28 (12), pp. 1153-1157. , DecSaraç, Y.S., Basoglu, T., Ceylan, G.K., Saraç, D., Yapici, O., Effect of denture base surface pretreatment on microleakage of a siliconebased resilient liner (2004) J Prosthet Dent., 92 (3), pp. 283-287. , SepSarac, D., Sarac, Y.S., Basoglu, T., Yapici, O., Yuzbasioglu, E., The evaluation of microleakage and bond strength of a siliconebased resilient liner following denture base surface pretreatment (2006) J Prosthet Dent., 95 (2), pp. 143-151. , FebTugut, F., Akin, H., Mutaf, B., Akin, G.E., Ozdemir, A.K., Strength of the bond between a silicone lining material and denture resin after Er:YAG laser treatments with different pulse durations and levels of energy (2012) Lasers Med Sci., 27 (2), pp. 281-285. , MarAl-Athel, M., Jagger, R., Jagger, D., Effect of ageing on the bond strength of a permanent denture soft lining material (2002) J Oral Rehabil., 29 (10), pp. 992-996. , OctTakahashi, J.M., Consani, R.L., Henriques, G.E., Nóbilo, M.A., Mesquita, M.F., Effect of accelerated aging on permanent deformation and tensile bond strength of autopolymerizing soft denture liners (2011) J Prosthodont., 20 (3), pp. 200-204. , AprSenna, P.M., Silva, W.J., Faot, F., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Microwave disinfection: cumulative effect of different power levels on physical properties of denture base resins (2011) J Prosthodont., 20 (8), pp. 606-612. , DecMinami, H., Suzuki, S., Ohashi, H., Kurashige, H., Tanaka, T., Effect of surface treatment on the bonding of an autopolymerizing soft denture liner to a denture base resin (2004) Int J Prosthodont., 17 (3), pp. 297-301. , May-JunMaeda, T., Hong, G., Sadamori, S., Hamada, T., Akagawa, Y., Durability of peel bond of resilient denture liners to acrylic denture base resin (2012) J Prosthodont Res., 56 (2), pp. 136-141. , AprGonçalves, L.M., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Sartoratto, A., Garcia Rehder, V.L., Silva, W.J., Effects of undecylenic acid released from denture liner on Candida biofilms (2012) J Dent Res., 91 (10), pp. 985-989. , OctPinto, J.R., Mesquita, M.F., Henriques, G.E., Nóbilo, M.A.A., Effect of thermocycling on bond strength and elasticity of 4 long-term soft denture liners (2002) J Prosthet Dent., 88 (5), pp. 516-521. , NovMutluay, M.M., Ruyter, I.E., Evaluation of bond strength of soft relining materials to denture base polymers (2007) Dent Mater., 23 (11), pp. 1373-1381. , NovRached, R.N., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Heat-cured acrylic resin repaired with microwave-cured one: bond strength and surface texture (2001) J Oral Rehabil., 28 (4), pp. 370-375. , AprAkin, H., Tugut, F., Guney, U., Kirmali, O., Akar, T., Tensile bond strength of silicone-based soft denture liner to two chemically different denture base resins after various surface treatments (2013) Lasers Med Sci., 28 (1), pp. 119-123. , JanBulad, K., Taylor, R.L., Verran, J., McCord, J.F., Colonization and penetration of denture soft lining materials by Candida albicans (2004) Dent Mater., 20 (2), pp. 167-175. , FebRodger, G., Taylor, R.L., Pearson, G.J., Verran, J., In vitro colonization of an experimental silicone by Candida albicans (2010) J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater., 92 (1), pp. 226-235. , JanNikawa, H., Jin, C., Hamada, T., Makihira, S., Kumagai, H., Murata, H., Interactions between thermal cycled resilient denture lining materials, salivary and serum pellicles and Candida albicans in vitro. Part II. Effects on fungal colonization (2000) J Oral Rehabil., 27 (2), pp. 124-130. , FebNikawa, H., Jin, C., Hamada, T., Murata, H., Interactions between thermal cycled resilient denture lining materials, salivary and serum pellicles and Candida albicans in vitro. Part I. Effects on fungal growth (2000) J Oral Rehabil., 27 (1), pp. 41-51. , JanGarcia, R.M., Léon, B.T., Oliveira, V.B., Del Bel Cury, A.A., Effect of a denture cleanser on weight, surface roughness, and tensile bond strength of two resilient denture liners (2003) J Prosthet Dent., 89 (5), pp. 489-494. , MayWilliams, D.W., Kuriyama, T., Silva, S., Malic, S., Lewis, M.A., Candida biofilms and oral candidosis: treatment and prevention (2011) Periodontol 2000., 55 (1), pp. 250-265. , Fe

Antibacterial Activity Of Essential Oils Against Strains Of Streptococcus And Staphylococcus [atividade Antibacteriana De óleos Essenciais Sobre Streptococcus Mutans E Staphylococcus Aureus]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon) against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The MIC was obtained by the microdilution technique using 96-well microplates, in which we inserted: 100μL of Brain Heart Infusion broth at double concentration, 100μL of the dilution of the essential oils and 10μL of bacterial suspension (1.5 × 106 organisms / mL). The products were diluted from the initial concentration of 8% up to 0.0625%. The MIC corresponded to the last dilution in which there was no presence of bacteria or turbidity in the culture medium. The MBC was obtained by seeding, in Mueller-Hinton agar, 10μL aliquots of dilutions corresponding to the MIC and the two immediately preceding ones (2MIC and 4MIC). The plates were incubated at 37°C in a bacteriological incubator for 24 hours. The tests were performed in triplicate, and 2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate was the control product. For S. aureus, the MIC and MBC of the essential oils of C. cassia, O. basilicum and T. vulgaris were 0.0625%, 0.0625% and 4%, respectively. For S. mutans, the MIC and MBC of the essential oils of C. cassia and T. vulgaris were 0.125% and 0.25%, respectively. The MIC of O. basilicum against S. mutans was 4% and the essential oil showed no bactericidal action. Chlorhexidine Digluconate presented antibacterial activity against all organisms. The evaluated essential oils presented antibacterial activity against the strains of S. mutans and S. aureus, and we highlight the essential oils from C. cassia and T. vulgaris with the lowest MIC and MBC.162 SUPPL. 1372377Aligiannis, N., Kalpoutzakis, E., Mitaku, S., Chinou, J.B., Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Origanum Species (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49 (9). , 4168-4167Almeida, L.F.D., Cavalcanti, Y.W., Castro, R.D., Lima, E.O., Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais frente amostras clínicas de Candida albicans isoladas de pacientes HIV positivos (2012) Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (Impresso), 14, pp. 649-655Aquino, L.C.L., Santos, G.G., Trindade, R.C., Alves, J.A.B., Santos, P.O., Alves, P.B., Blank, A.F., Carvalho, L.M., Atividade antimicrobiana dos óleos essenciais de erva-cidreira e manjericão frente a bactérias de carnes bovinas (2010) Alimentos e Nutrição Araraquara, 21 (4), pp. 529-535Beraldo, C.C., Andrade, D., Higiene bucal com clorexidina na prevenção de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (2008) Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 34 (9), pp. 707-714Cavalcanti, Y.W., Almeida, L.F.D., Padilha, W.W.N., Atividade antifúngica de três Óleos Essenciais sobre cepas de Candida (2011) Revista Odontológica do Brasil Central, 20 (52), pp. 77-82Costa, C.M.G.R., Santos, M.S., Barros, H.M.M., Agra, P.F.M., Farias, M.A.A., Efeito inibitório do óleo essencial de manjericão sobre o crescimento in vitro de Erwinia carotovora (2009) Tecnologia & Ciência Agropecuária, 3 (3), pp. 35-38Duarte, M.C.T., Atividade Antimicrobiana de Plantas Medicinais e Aromáticas Utilizadas no Brasil, , http://www.multiciencia.unicamp.br/artigos_07/a_05_7.pdf, Disponível em. Acesso em: 01 de maio de 2012Freires, I.A., Alves, L.A., Jovito, V.C., Almeida, L.F.D., Castro, R.D., Padilha, W.W.N., Atividades antibacteriana e antiaderente in vitro de tinturas de Schinus terebinthinfolius (Aroeira) e Solidago microglossa (Arnica) frente a bactérias formadoras do biofilme dentário (2010) Odontologia Clínico Científica, 9 (2), pp. 139-143Leite, G.B., (2008) ANÁLISE DE PORTADORES ASSINTOMÁTICOS DE Staphylococcus aureus NO HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO DE BRASILIA, p. 101. , [Dissertação de mestrado]. Universidade de Brasília. Faculdade de Medicina, BrasíliaLima, I.O., Oliveira, R.A.G., Lima, E.O., Farias, N.M.P., Souza, E.L., Atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais sobre espécies de Candida (2006) Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 16 (2), pp. 197-201Machado, T.M.F.B., Barbosa, L.N., Probst, I.S., Fernandes Jr., A., (2011) Ação antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de uso em terapias naturais, p. 111. , [Dissertação de mestrado]. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, São PauloMartins, A.G.L.A., Nascimento, A.R., Mouchrek Filho, J.E., Mendes Filho, N.E., Souza, A.G., Aragão, N.E., Silva, D.S.V., Atividade antibacteriana do óleo essencial do manjericão frente a sorogrupos de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica isolados de alfaces (2010) Ciência Rural, 40 (8), pp. 1791-1796Menezes, T.O.A., Alves, A.C.B.A., Vieira, J.M.S., Menezes, S.A.E., Alves, B.P., Mendonça, L.C.V., Avaliação in vitro da atividade antifúngica de óleos essenciais e extratos de plantas da região amazônica sobre cepa de Candida albicans (2009) Ver Odontol UNESP, 38, pp. 184-191Pozzo, M.D., Viégas, J., Santurio, D.F., Rossato, L., Soares, I.H., Alves, S.H., Costa, M.T., Atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de condimentos frente a Staphylococcus spp isolados de mastite caprina (2011) Ciência Rural, 41 (4), pp. 667-672Santos Jr., A.C., Salimena, A.P.S., Millezi, A.F., Piccoli, R.H., Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitrode óleos essenciais sobre Staphylococcus aureus (2010) Anais da III Mostra Científica da ANPG, , In, Rio de JaneiroSantos, R.S.I., Pereira, D.F.A., Teodoro, G.R., Canettirei, A.C.V., Khouri, S., Salvador, M.J., Avaliação da atividade antibacteriana e determinação da CIM do óleo essencial de Thymus vulgarissobre Streptococcus mutans e caracterização química do óleo por cromatografia gasosa (2007) XI Encontro Latino Americano de Iniciação Científica e VII Encontro Latino Americano de Pós-Graduação, , In-Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São PauloSartoratto, A., Machado, A.L.M., Delarmelina, C., Figueira, G.M., Duarte, M.C.T., Rehder, V.L.G., Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from aromatic plants used in Brazil (2004) Journal of Microbiology, 35, pp. 275-280Soares, D.G.S., Oliveira, C.B., Leal, C.D., Milana, R.S., Padilha, W.W.N., Susceptibilidade in vitro de bactérias bucais a tinturas fitoterápicas (2006) Revista Odonto Ciência, 21 (53), pp. 232-237Souza, A.D.Z., Vargas, N.R.C., Mendieta, M.C., Heck, R.M., Ceolin, T., Plantas medicinais utilizadas para cólicas menstruais: Um desafio para a enfermagem (2010) XIX CIC/II Mostra Científica, , Pelotas-RSPozzatti, P., Loreto, E.S., Lopes, P.G.M., Athayde, M.L., Santurio, J.M., Alves, S.H., Comparison of the susceptibilities of clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis to essential oils (2009) Mycoses, 53 (1), pp. 12-1

Atividade antibacteriana de Óleos Essenciais sobre Streptococcus mutans e Staphylococcus aureus

The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Ocimum basilicum (basil), Thymus vulgaris (thyme) and Cinnamomum cassia (Chinese cinnamon) against strains of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The MIC was obtained by the microdilution technique using 96-well microplates, in which we inserted: 100µL of Brain Heart Infusion broth at double concentration, 100µL of the dilution of the essential oils and 10µL of bacterial suspension (1.5 x 10(6) organisms / mL). The products were diluted from the initial concentration of 8% up to 0.0625%. The MIC corresponded to the last dilution in which there was no presence of bacteria or turbidity in the culture medium. The MBC was obtained by seeding, in Mueller-Hinton agar, 10µL aliquots of dilutions corresponding to the MIC and the two immediately preceding ones (2MIC and 4MIC). The plates were incubated at 37°C in a bacteriological incubator for 24 hours. The tests were performed in triplicate, and 2% Chlorhexidine Digluconate was the control product. For S. aureus, the MIC and MBC of the essential oils of C. cassia, O. basilicum and T. vulgaris were 0.0625%, 0.0625% and 4%, respectively. For S. mutans, the MIC and MBC of the essential oils of C. cassia and T. vulgaris were 0.125% and 0.25%, respectively. The MIC of O. basilicum against S. mutans was 4% and the essential oil showed no bactericidal action. Chlorhexidine Digluconate presented antibacterial activity against all organisms. The evaluated essential oils presented antibacterial activity against the strains of S. mutans and S. aureus, and we highlight the essential oils from C. cassia and T. vulgaris with the lowest MIC and MBC.Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a ação antimicrobiana in vitro dos óleos essenciais de Ocimum basilicum (Manjericão Exótico), Thymus vulgaris (Tomilho Branco), e de Cinnamomum cassia (Canela da China) sobre cepas bacterianas de Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) e Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). A atividade antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais foi determinada pela Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a Concentração Bactericida Mínima (CBM) através da técnica de microdiluição e do esgotamento. Para a CIM, foram utilizadas placas de 96 poços e inseriu-se 100µL de caldo BHI, 100µL da diluição dos óleos essenciais no primeiro poço e 10µL da suspensão bacteriana (1,5x10(6) microrganismos/mL). Realizou-se a diluição seriada partindo-se da concentração inicial de 8% até 0,0625%. A CIM correspondeu à última diluição na qual não foi verificada a presença de bactérias. Para obter a CBM, realizou-se a semeadura em Ágar Miller-Hinton das diluições correspondentes a CIM, 2CIM e 4CIM. As placas foram incubadas a 37º C em estufa bacteriológica por 24 horas. Os testes foram realizados em triplicata tendo a clorexidina como controle positivo. Para S. aureus (ATCC 25923) a CIM e CBM dos óleos essenciais de C. cassia, O. basilicum e T. vulgaris foram 0,0625%, 4% e 0,0625%, respectivamente. Para S. mutans a CIM e a CBM dos óleos essenciais de C. cassia e T. vulgaris foram 0,125% e 0,25%, respectivamente. Já a CIM do O. basilicum foi 4% e não apresentou ação bactericida. Conclui-se que os óleos essenciais avaliados apresentaram ação antibacteriana frente a cepas de S. mutans e S. aureus, sendo que os menores valores de CIM e de CBM foram provenientes dos óleos de C. cassia e T. vulgaris.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Candida albicans increases dentine demineralization provoked by streptococcus mutans biofilm

Streptococcus mutans are considered the most cariogenic bacteria, but it has been suggested that Candida albicans could increase their cariogenicity. However, the effect of this dual-species microorganisms’ combination on dentine caries has not been experimentally evaluated. Biofilms of C. albicans, S. mutans and C. albicans + S. mutans (n = 12/biofilm) were grown in ultra-filtered tryptone yeast extract broth culture medium for 96 h on root dentine slabs of known surface hardness and exposed 8 times per day for 3 min to 10% sucrose. The medium was changed 2 times per day (after the 8 cariogenic challenges and after the overnight period of famine), and aliquots were analyzed to determinate the pH (indicator of biofilm acidogenicity). After 96 h, the biofilms were collected to determine the wet weight, colony-forming units, and the amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (soluble and insoluble). Dentine demineralization was assessed by surface hardness loss (% SHL). The architecture of the biofilms was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The dual-species C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm provoked higher % SHL on dentine (p < 0.05) than the S. mutans and C. albicans biofilm. This was supported by the results of biofilm acidogenicity and the amounts of soluble (6.4 ± 2.14 vs. 4.0 ± 0.94 and 1.9 ± 0.97, respectively) and insoluble extracellular polysaccharides (24.9 ± 9.22 vs. 18.9 ± 5.92 and 0.7 ± 0.48, respectively) (p < 0.05). The C. albicans biofilm alone presented low cariogenicity. The images by CLSM and TEM, respectively, suggest that the C. albicans + S. mutans biofilm is more voluminous than the S. mutans biofilm, and S. mutans cells interact with C. albicans throughout polysaccharides from the biofilm matrix. These findings show that C. albicans enhances the cariogenic potential of the S. mutans biofilm, increasing dentine demineralization533322331CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ165331/2013-