Eficácia e seletividade do metribuzin e diuron em pré-transplantio do tomate sob diferentes coberturas vegetais

The tomato plant is an oleraceous that has low tolerance to most of the herbicides used, which limits the use of chemical products in integrated weed management. By this fact, this study was conducted for evaluating the efficacy and selectivity of the metribuzin and diuron, both applied before transplanting the tomato crop, upon different cover crops. Seeds of tomato cv. IPA 6 were planted in trays and transplanted to pots at the stage of two leaves. The species used were: exposed soil (control), Urochloa ruziziensis (0.30 t ha-1), Pennisetum glaucum (0.42 t ha-1) and weed community (0.39 t ha-1), being of herbicide application. The phytotoxicity, efficacy and plant height were evaluated at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after application (DAA), and in the last evaluation day it was also measured the dry mass of leaves, stem and roots. Regarding the selectivity, the metribuzin provided low phytointoxication in the seedlings, with no effects in the biomass. Despite the efficacy, diuron was not selective to tomato, causing high phytotoxification rates (65 to 100%). It was concluded that the treatment covered with U. ruziziensis, P. glaucum and weed community supplemented the both herbicides action, but only metribuzin was selective when applied in tomato pre-transplanting.O tomate é uma olerícola que apresenta baixa tolerância à maioria dos herbicidas recomendados, fato que limita a utilização de produtos químicos no manejo integrado de plantas daninhas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e a seletividade do metribuzin e diuron, aplicados na modalidade pré-transplantio do tomate cultivado sobre diferentes coberturas vegetais. As sementes de tomate cv. IPA 6 foram semeadas em bandejas e transplantadas para os vasos no estádio de duas folhas verdadeiras. As coberturas usadas foram: solo exposto (controle), Urochloa ruziziensis (0,30 t ha-1), Pennisetum glaucum (0,42 t ha-1) e comunidade infestante (0,39 t ha-1), acondicionadas nos vasos antes da aplicação dos herbicidas. A fitotoxicidade dos herbicidas, a altura de plantas e a eficácia dos mesmos foram avaliadas aos 7, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a aplicação (DAA), sendo que no último dia de avaliação também foi mensurada a massa seca de folhas, caule e raízes. Quanto à seletividade, o metribuzin proporcionou injúrias leves de fitointoxicação nas mudas, porém sem refletir em perdas na biomassa seca. Apesar da eficácia, o diuron não foi seletivo ao tomate, causando altos percentuais de fitointoxicação (65 a 100%). Conclui-se que a cobertura do solo com U. ruziziensis, P. glaucum e comunidade infestante complementou a ação de ambos os herbicidas, mas apenas o metribuzin foi seletivo quando aplicado em pré-transplantio do tomate

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data