The terrestrial low latitude boundary layer

Imperial Users onl

The role of landholder education in adoption of soil health management systems

Management for soil health has received increasing attention, but, despite this, adoption of soil health management plans (SHM) has been slow and is possibly affected by landholder education. This paper investigates the role of landholder education in the adoption of SHM systems, using salinity and sodicity as indicators. Through the use of a landholder response mail based survey consisting of likert scale rank questions, categorical responses and open ended questions, education was shown to mildly affect the adoption of SHM programs, but was not considered an overriding impediment by landholders. However, there is a disparity between education as an impediment and landholders knowledge. This disparity is potentially overcome by a reliance on agronomists and extension officers to guide landholders through SHM issues that they find complex. In terms of managing soils for salinity, education was shown to be adequate, although for sodicity education is still a major limiting factor

Other Englands: Regionalism in Shakespeare\u27s first historical tetralogy

This dissertation examines the representation of England in the plays of the first tetralogy. Arguing that a large number of studies of Shakespearian drama have tended to gloss over the inherent differences within the English nation. I suggest that regionalism and regional identity play a pivotal role in Shakespeare\u27s dramatisation of English history from the accession of Henry VI to the death of Richard Ill. In this thesis I propose that the first tetralogy is not only a representation of the past, but an expression of the political, cultural and geographical divisions within England during the period of the plays first production. While Shakespeare\u27s first tetralogy forms part of an interconnecting discourse of nationhood -- contributing to what has been termed the discovery of England -- I explore how the plays also serve to highlight the extent to which regionalism and regional diversity remained powerful factors within English society. By drawing attention to the proliferation of geographical references in the tetralogy, I discuss how the localisation of scenes and the identification of characters with specific places represents an encounter with the kingdom beyond the confines of the theatre. In a series of plays that appear to be principally concerned with the struggle between rival dynasties for control of the realm, the various regional references can be read as the site of competing voices and sectional interests: an acknowledgment of not one England, but various other Englands. While the image of the regional world in these plays is largely informed by the chronicle sources, this study considers how Shakespeare\u27s fashioning of regional identity was governed by the need for Elizabethan acting companies to secure and maintain the protection of powerful and influential patrons, by censorship, company rivalry, and the demands placed on theatre companies by touring. With this in mind, I argue that the manner in which certain characters and regions are presented in the tetralogy is an indication that these plays may have been performed throughout England. After a theoretical overview, chapter one presents an examination of regionalism as a social, cultural, political and economic phenomenon in early modem England. It is followed by a discussion of the various ways in which a sense of place was projected on the Elizabethan stage. Appropriating William Harrison\u27s division of the late Tudor kingdom into four distinct provinces, this dissertation interrogates the role and representation in the first tetralogy of the area south of the Thames (chapter two), the midlands (chapter three), Wales and the English border counties (chapter four), and northern England (chapter five)

The alien world within: The political, cultural and geographical marginalisation of Northern England in Shakespeare\u27s Second Tetralogy

This paper considers Shakespeare\u27s representation of the north of England in his second tetralogy of history plays. In this study, I argue that the plays are not only a representation of the past, but an expression of the political, cultural and geographical divisions within England in the era of their production. Drawing on contemporary reports from the region, official papers, ballads and various modern histories of the age, I will suggest that there exists a direct correlation between Shakespeare\u27s representation of the region and the concept of the north as the alien element within Elizabethan England. Reading the plays as explorations of the development of England from feudalism to a centralised nation state, I discuss the manner in which Shakespeare\u27s second tetralogy exposes the contradictions behind the concept of a united and stable England. Central to my argument is the notion that to be marginalised (in the latter decades of the sixteenth century) was not only a matter of social status or political expediency but was, to a degree, dependent on being identified as belonging to, and existing within, the geographical margins of the state. The four central chapters, comprising Richard II, both parts of Henry IV and Henry v, examine the manner in which the north, and those associated with it, are increasingly presented as a disruptive element that threatens the stability of the realm, a role that I suggest is reliant on both historical experience and contemporary expectation. In the final chapter, I attempt to discuss the implications of the north\u27s portrayal in the Elizabethan popular theatre in relation to the current debate within New Historicist criticism

A Case in Which Occlusion of the Abdominal Aorta Took Place.

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Transmission Electron Microscopy of Organic Crystalline Material and Zeolites

Understanding and controlling the polymorphic form and microstructure of pharmaceutical and zeolitic materials is key to their ongoing application in the food, medical, and chemical industries. Bulk techniques traditionally used to characterise the properties of these materials are limited when it comes to the analysis of the fine atomic structure. In this work electron microscopy has been utilised for the characterisation of a model organic compound (theophylline form II) and a model zeolite (Sn-beta), both of which are highly sensitive to damage when irradiated by a high-energy electron beam (80 – 300 kV). Transmission electron microscope diffraction pattern analysis was used to determine the lifetime of theophylline form II under a number of controlled microscope and specimen conditions. Values of the characteristic electron fluence for damage varied from 11 ± 5 e-Å-2 to 42 ± 5 e-Å-2, with the longest lifetime observed at 300 kV accelerating voltage, at liquid nitrogen specimen temperature, and with a graphene specimen support substrate. Within this dose budget (i.e. the total dose required to locate, align, focus, and record an image of a specimen), atomic lattice information for theophylline form II was obtained by the use of scanning moiré fringes in bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy. Resolution of the atomic lattice was less readily resolved by bright-field conventional transmission electron microscopy with a direct electron detector. Key to these results is the use of a workflow involving lowering the electron beam flux as much as possible, using 300 kV accelerating voltage (if the sample is >50 – 100 nm thick), and on-specimen focussing using the Ronchigram. Further improvements could be achieved by cooling the sample to liquid nitrogen temperatures, using a conductive specimen support substrate, and using a pixelated direct electron-counting detector where possible. A characteristic electron fluence for damage was determined for Sn-beta zeolites of 17000 ± 8000 e-Å-2 at 300 kV. Integrated differential phase contrast, scanning transmission electron microscopy revealed the projected atomic positions of the zeolite in the [100]/[010] directions. The use of high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with integrated differential phase contrast imaging highlighted excess Sn in the form of SnO2 and identified potential, individual Sn atomic sites. The Sn could be in a number of different tetrahedral Si sites of the beta zeolite structure and image simulation was used to explore likely sites. Overall, recent improvements to transmission electron microscope characterisation of pharmaceuticals, zeolites, and similarly beam-sensitive inorganics have been discussed and this work demonstrates the potential for bright-field scanning transmission electron microscope techniques in this field

CATTLE INDUSTRY COMPENSATION ACT RESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEE PROGRESS REPORT 1996

The Cattle Industry Compensation Fund was established under the Cattle Industry Compensation Act 1965. An Advisory Committee, established by the Hon. Minister for Primary Industry makes recommendations for funding on a project basis. The Advisory Committee published progress reports in 1984 and 1989. This report covers the period 1990 to 1995

비유언어와 문맥 표지를 이용한 반어법 자동 분류 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 언어학과, 2014. 8. 신효필.본 논문은 고빈도 비유언어(figurative language)를 이용한 반어법 자동 인식 방법을 제안한다. 반어법과 비유언어들(직유법, 은유법, 의인법, 과장법)을 인식하는 문제는 컴퓨터 언어학에서 매우 중요한 분야이다. 이런 비유 언어들은 표면적인 의미와 다른 의미를 내포하기 때문에 그 문장의 의미를 파악하는데 필요한 연구이다. 과장법이나 과소 법 같은 비유언어와 달리 특별히 반어법은 그 표현적 의미와 정 반대 또는 부합하지 않는 의미를 내포하기 때문에 더욱 문제가 된다. 구어에서 반어법이 사용될 때는 운율이라는 요소가 인식에 중요한 역할을 하는 반면, 문어에서 반어법은 운율 정보가 없기 때문에 더 인식이 어렵다. 또한, 반어법은 대부분의 경우 표면적으로 나타나는 명확한 단서를 포함하지 않고, 단지 준언어적, 문맥적 화용적인 단서만을 갖기 때문에 인식에 더 어려움이 크다. 반어법의 단서가 되는 예로는 청자에게 문자 그대로 이해되기를 바라지 않음을 암시하는 과장법, 과소법, 수사적 질문법, 부가 의문문 같은 것들이 존재한다. 본고는 동시에 나타나는 비유언어들을 각각 인식하여 그 결과를 반어법 검출기에 제공하는 방식의 분할-정복법을 소개한다. 짧은 길이의 트위터와 상대적으로 긴 아마존 상품평에 대해 실행한 실험은 이러한 비유언어들을 개별적으로 인식하여 반어법의 자동 인식에 사용하는 것이 비유언어들을 한번에 인식하는 방법 보다 반어법 인식에 효과적이라는 사실을 밝혔다. 또한, 지금까지 개별적으로 제한된 문맥만을 고려한 과장법, 과소법 연구와 달리 본 연구는 반어법 인식에 사용되는 기존의 연구 방법을 과장법과 과소법 인식에도 적용할 수 있는 가능성을 제시하였다는 의의가 있다.This thesis proposes a linguistic-based irony detection method which uses these frequently co-occurring figurative languages to identify areas where irony is likely to occur. The detection and proper interpretation of irony and other figurative languages represents an important area of research for Computational Linguistics. Since figurative languages typically convey meanings which differ from their literal interpretations, interpreting such utterances at face value is likely to give incorrect results. Irony in particular represents a special challenge as, unlike some figurative languages like hyperbole or understatement which express sentiments which are more-or-less in line with their literal interpretation, differing only in intensity, ironic utterances convey intended meanings incongruent with – or even the exact opposite of – their literal interpretation. Compounding the need for effective irony detection is ironys near ubiquitous use in online writings and computer-mediated communications, both of which are commonly used in Computational Linguistics experiments. While irony in spoken contexts tends to be denoted using prosody, irony in written contexts is much harder to detect. One of the major difficulties is that irony typically does not present with any explicit clues such as punctuation marks or verbal inflections. Instead, irony tends to be denoted using paralinguistic, contextual, or pragmatic cues. Among these are the co-occurrence of figurative languages such as hyperbole, understatement, rhetorical questions, tag questions, or other ironic utterances which alert the listener that the speaker does not expect to be interpreted literally. This thesis introduces a divide-and-conquer approach to irony detection where co-occurring figurative languages are identified independently and then fed into an overall irony detector. Experiments on both short-form Twitter tweets and longer-form Amazon product reviews show not only that co-textual figurative languages are useful in the automatic classification of irony but that identifying these co-occurring figurative languages separately yields better overall irony detection by resolving conflicts between conflicting features, such as those for hyperbole and understatement. This thesis also introduces detection methods for hyperbole and understatement in general contexts by adapting existing approaches to irony detection. Before this point hyperbole detection was focused only on specialized contexts while understatement detection had been largely ignored. Experiments show that these proposed automated hyperbole and understatement detection methods outperformed methods which rely on fixed vocabularies.1 Introduction 1 1.1 What is Irony? 2 1.2 Irony and Co-textual Markers 4 1.2.1 Hyperbole 6 1.2.2 Understatement 7 1.2.3 Rhetorical Questions 8 1.2.4 Tag Questions 9 2 Previous Works 10 2.1 Irony Detection 10 2.2 Detection of Co-textual Markers 12 3 Data Collection 15 3.1 Twitter Data 15 3.1.1 Twitter Irony Corpus 18 3.1.2 Twitter Hyperbole Corpus 18 3.1.3 Twitter Understatement Corpus 18 3.2 Amazon Data 19 4 Experimental Set-up 21 4.1 Hyperbole Detection 22 4.2 Understatement Detection 23 4.3 Rhetorical Question Detection 25 4.4 Tag Question Detection 27 4.5 Irony Detection 28 4.5.1 Twitter Data 30 4.5.2 Amazon Product Review Data 30 5 Results and Discussion 33 5.1 Hyperbole 33 5.2 Understatement 39 5.3 Irony 44 5.3.1 Twitter 44 5.3.2 Amazon Product Reviews 50 6 Conclusions and Future Work 57 7 References 60 Appendix 1 Hyperbole Word List 66 Appendix 2 Hedge Word List 69Maste