Anti-Vaccine Discourse on Social Media: An Exploratory Audit of Negative Tweets about Vaccines and Their Posters

As the anti-vaccination movement is spreading around the world. This paper addresses the ever more urgent need for health professionals, communicators and policy-makers to grasp the nature of vaccine mis/disinformation on social media is more urgent than ever. A one-by-one coding of 4511 vaccine-related tweets posted from the UK in 2019 resulted in 334 anti-vaccine tweets. Our analysis shows that (a) anti-vaccine tweeters are quite active and widely networked users on their own; (b) anti-vaccine messages tend to focus on the “harmful” nature of vaccination, based mostly on personal experience, values and beliefs rather than hard facts; (c) anonymity does not make a difference to the types of posted anti-vaccine content, but does so in terms of the volume of such content. Communication initiatives against anti-vaccination should (a) work closely with technological platforms to tackle anonymous anti-vaccine tweets; (b) focus efforts on mis/disinformation in three major arears (in order of importance): the medical nature of vaccines, the belief that vaccination is a tool of manipulation and control for money and power, and the “freedom of health choice” discourse against mandatory vaccination; and (c) go beyond common factual measures—such as detecting, labelling or removing fake news—to address emotions induced by personal memories, values and beliefs

Non-pharmacological interventions for adults with intellectual disabilities and depression

Background: Although high rates of depression symptoms are reported in adults with intellectual disabilities (IDs), there is a lack of knowledge about non-pharmacological treatment options for depression in this population. The first research question of this paper is: Which non-pharmacological interventions have been studied in adults with ID and depression? The second research question is: What were the results of these non-pharmacological interventions?. Method: Systematic review of the literature with an electronic search in six databases has been completed with hand searches. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines have been followed. Selected studies met predefined inclusion criteria. Results: Literature search resulted in 4267 papers of which 15 met the inclusion criteria. Five different types of non-pharmacological interventions have been studied: cognitive behavioural therapy, behavioural therapy, exercise intervention, social problem-solving skills programme and bright light therapy. Conclusion: There are only a few studies of good quality evaluating non-pharmacological interventions for adults with ID and depression. Some of these studies, especially studies on cognitive behavioural therapy, show good results in decreasing depressive symptoms. High-quality randomised controlled trials evaluating non-pharmacological

Na era das descrenças e incertezas: a cobertura jornalística sobre as vacinas nos jornais portugueses

At a time when anti-vaccine movements are spreading, European countries are experiencing a decrease in immunization rates. In this context, the media can play a key role both in spreading beliefs and in circulating reliable information on the subject. This study aimed to analyze the journalistic coverage of vaccines in the Portuguese press by assessing the content of 300 articles published from 2012 to 2017 in the newspapers Diário de Notícias and Jornal de Noticias. Most texts addressed themes related to vaccine stock, vaccine research, vaccination coverage, and vaccination campaign regarding influenza, measles, and meningitis. Possibly influenced by public health policies in Portugal, vaccines comprise the media agenda of newspapers. These findings reinforce the perception that the media can be used as a tool for disseminating reliable information on this subject. Most of the articles had a positive and neutral tone in relation to immunization, but, although little present, headlines emphasizing adverse reactions could foment or increase distrust in the benefits of vaccines.Os países europeus estão experimentando uma redução nas taxas de imunização em um momento de expansão dos movimentos antivacinas. Nesse contexto, a mídia pode desempenhar um papel crucial, tanto na difusão de crenças, quanto na circulação de informações confiáveis sobre o tema. Este estudo analisou a cobertura jornalística sobre vacinas na imprensa portuguesa. Foi realizada uma análise de conteúdo em uma amostra de 300 artigos publicados no Diário de Notícias e no Jornal de Notícias de 2012 a 2017. Houve uma predominância de textos relacionados às vacinas contra a gripe, sarampo e meningite. Os temas mais frequentes foram: estoque de vacinas, pesquisa sobre vacinas, cobertura vacinal e campanha de vacinação. A maioria dos artigos apresentou um tom positivo e neutro em relação à imunização. Os jornais colocaram as vacinas em sua agenda midiática, possivelmente influenciados pelas políticas de saúde pública presentes em Portugal. Tais achados reforçam a percepção que a mídia pode ser um instrumento na divulgação de informação confiável sobre o tema. Apesar de o tom negativo ser pouco presente, títulos de notícias com ênfase nas reações adversas das vacinas poderiam contribuir para despertar ou aumentar a desconfiança nos seus benefícios

Exploring the relationship between newspaper coverage of vaccines and childhood vaccination rates in Spain

Background: Despite the effectiveness of vaccines being well established and recognized by the research community, eleven European countries have adopted mandatory vaccination programs because of vaccine hesitancy. Lack of information and fake news are considered the main reasons. The media are a powerful tool for spreading vaccine-related information. The study of media effects on vaccine uptake has received little attention in Europe. Objective: To explore the association of childhood vaccination rates in Spain with vaccine-related coverage in print media. Methods: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of vaccines was conducted. The study variables were: national vaccination rates, article publication dates, tone and main theme of the articles. We conducted a correlation analysis to assess the association between media coverage and childhood vaccine uptake. Results: While vaccine coverage with positive and neutral tones significantly increased during the study period (p < .001), the number of articles with a negative tone remained unchanged (p = .306). There was a significant and inverse correlation between negative newspaper coverage and childhood vaccine uptake (r = −.771, p < .05). During 2016 and 2017, although the media reporting declined, vaccination rates kept increasing. The most frequent themes were about the development of the Ebola vaccine, and the chickenpox and meningitis vaccine crises. Conclusions: Our findings expand the understanding of media role on vaccination and suggest that the media need to be considered as an important player during vaccination campaigns. The study points to the important educational role of the media in public health

What we know about media communication on antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review of the scientific literature

OBJECTIVE: Systematically review the literature regarding media communication about antibiotics and anti-microbial resistance (AMR) to synthesise its key characteristics and impact effectiveness, identifying gaps and areas for further research. METHODS: A comprehensive systematic review covering five international databases for articles published between 1(st) September 2008 and 1(st) September 2018 was performed using the registered protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42018116464). The search using terms related to media communication and antibiotics or AMR yielded 19 eligible studies, which were analysed and qualitatively synthesised. RESULTS: Research on media communication regarding antibiotics or AMR has rapidly increased in the last decade. 74% of studies used a media content analysis method, while the remaining studies collected data via surveys. Print media were examined in 53% (n = 10), with 74% (n = 14) focused on English language media. CONCLUSION: Currently, knowledge regarding media communication of antibiotics and AMR is very restricted to English-speaking print media. Further research is required to understand communication on this topic from other media (types and geographical regions) as well as how media effects attitude and behaviour change. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Better understanding of media communication regarding antibiotics and AMR may be crucial for policymakers and public health experts when planning strategies to tackle this issue

Crisis Communication during COVID-19: English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Discourse of AstraZeneca Vaccine and Omicron Variant on Social Media

Social media have been the arena of different types of discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aim to characterize public discourse during health crises in different international communities. Using Tweetpy and keywords related to the research, we collected 3,748,302 posts from the English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish Twitter communities related to two crises during the pandemic: (a) the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, and (b) the Omicron variant. In relation to AstraZeneca, ‘blood clot’ was the main focus of public discourse. Using quantitative classifications and natural language processing algorithms, results are obtained for each language. The English and French discourse focused more on “death”, and the most negative sentiment was generated by the French community. The Portuguese discourse was the only one to make a direct reference to a politician, the former Brazilian President Bolsonaro. In the Omicron crisis, the public discourse mainly focused on infection cases follow-up and the number of deaths, showing a closer public discourse to the actual risk. The public discourse during health crises might lead to different behaviours. While public discourse on AstraZeneca might contribute as a barrier for preventive measures by increasing vaccine hesitancy, the Omicron discourse could lead to more preventive behaviours by the public, such as the use of masks. This paper broadens the scope of crisis communication by revealing social media’s role in the constructs of public discourse

O que os valores-notícia podem nos dizer sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde? Explorando aportes teórico-conceituais da noticiabilidade

Valores-notícia são atributos intrínsecos aos fatos que os potencializam como candidatos à notícia. Este trabalho tem como proposta refletir sobre as bases teórico-conceituais que cercam a notícia e podem sustentar escolhas analíticas para se estudar a cobertura jornalística sobre o Sistema Único de Saúde. Discute, comparativamente, as tipificações desenvolvidas pelos autores Traquina e Silva sobre os valores-notícia de seleção. Silva atualiza a classificação de Traquina ao acrescentar os valores-notícia: ‘conhecimento’, ‘entretenimento/curiosidade’, ‘governo’ e ‘justiça’. Essa autora considera que alguns valores atuam como pré-requisitos na seleção noticiosa, sendo considerados, por isso, como macrovalores-notícia. Destacamos ainda os valores ‘interessante’ e ‘importante`, que abrangem todo o campo da noticiabilidade. Essas variáveis podem dizer muito sobre a realidade social, mostrando-se categorias potentes de análise da cobertura jornalística em saúde

Supplementary Material, PPH780142_Supplementary – How is communication of vaccines in traditional media: a systematic review

<p>Supplementary Material, PPH780142_Supplementary for How is communication of vaccines in traditional media: a systematic review by Daniel Catalan-Matamoros and Carmen Peñafiel-Saiz in Perspectives in Public Health</p