Produção e morfologia do capim de Rhodes em seis maturidades

The grass cutting time interval affects pasture yield and morfology in terms of leaf, steam and dead material percentages. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield, flowering time, height, structure (leaf, stem and dead material percentages) and leaf: stem ratio of a Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth.) pasture for several cutting ages. The experiment was conducted using a pasture of Piracicaba, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, replicated four times. Treatments consisted of six cutting ages (20 to 70 days) each ten days. Increasing in yield, height, flowering, stem and dead material percentages were observed during the experimental period. Leaf percentage and leaf:stem ratio decreased during de experimental period. The cutting age affects Rhodes grass parts and yield and the optimal interval for cutting is 30 to 40 days.O manejo adotado para as gramíneas forrageiras afeta sua morfologia, traduzida em porcentagem de folhas, hastes e material morto assim como sua produção de matéria seca. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a produção e a estrutura morfológica (porcentagem de folhas, hastes, material morto) e a relação folha:haste do capim de Rhodes (Chloris gayana Kunth.) durante seu crescimento. O experimento foi desenvolvido em uma pastagem, na cidade de Piracicaba e o delineamento experimental foi de blocos completos casualizados (quatro blocos), com seis cortes (tratamentos) a cada 10 dias, sendo o primeiro 20 dias após o corte de rebaixamento. Foram observados aumento da produção de matéria seca com o decorrer do período experimental, aumentos na altura do capim do número de inflorescências da porcentagem de hastes e de material morto. A porcentagem de folhas e a relação folha:haste diminuiu com o decorrer do período experimental. O aumento no intervalo de cortes altera a morfologia do capim de Rhodes, assim como sua produção e baseando-se nisto, o melhor intervalo para cortes situa-se entre 30 e 40 de crescimento, considerando produção e porcentagem de folhas

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Effect of cutting age on production, chemical composition, "in vitro" dry matter and organic matter digestibility, and cyanide content in Cynodon nlemfuensis Vanderyst var. nlemfuensis cv. florico.

Este experimento teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de matéria seca, a composição químico-bromatológica, a variação no conteúdo de macro e micronutrientes e a extração destes minerais pela grama-estrela 'Florico', em função da idade de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da ESALQ/USP. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis idades de corte, com intervalo de 10 dias entre cada corte, sendo que o primeiro corte foi realizado 20 dias após o rebaixamento. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: produção e teor de matéria seca; teor de proteína bruta; fibra em detergente neutro; fibra em detergente ácido; digestibilidade verdadeira "in vitro" da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica; concentração e acúmulo de macro e micro nutrientes e teor de ácido cianídrico. A produção de matéria seca aumentou de forma quadrática (P 0,05) da idade de corte, além de se apresentar em níveis inferiores à dose letal para bovinos. O teor de proteína bruta diminuiu de forma quadrática (P 0,05) da idade. Já a concentração de boro decresceu cubicamente (P 0,05) by cutting age and was always lower than the leveIs known to be lethal to bovine. Crude protein concentration decreased quadratically (P 0,05) by age but boron concentration declined cubically (P < 0,05). Concentrations of iron and zinc decreased quadratically (P < 0,05), whereas that of manganese did it linearly (P < 0,05) whit age. The observed ranges were: 10,62 to 7,72 mg kg-1 for boron; 5,62 to 4,35 mg kg-1 for copper; 513,28 to 195,30 mg kg-1 for iron; 116,48 to 66,79 mg kg-1 for manganese and 40,29 to 31,17 mg kg-1 for zinco. Maximum accumulation of boron, copper, manganese and zinc was observed at 95,69,65 and 92 days of regrowth, respectively. Chemical composition and digestibility were considered adequate up to 35 days after cutting, except for zinc and cooper concentrations, and even with advancing maturity, those nutritive value parameters remained at relatively high levels. This make stargrass an option for stockpiled forage. Highest mineral accumulation in 'Florico' stargrass was observed at 60 and 90 days after cutting indicating high uptake capability by the pIant and emphasing the need of high fertilization requeriments on 'Florico' pasture

Use of wilting, microbiological additive or propionic acid on production of Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) silage.

Os objetivos desse estudo foram avaliar os efeitos do pré-emurchecimento e da aplicação de inoculante bacteriano-enzimático (IBE) ou ácido propiônico tamponado (APT) sobre as características de fermentação, composição química, perfil microbiológico, parâmetros físicos, estabilidade aeróbica e eficiência no processo de ensilagem de Tifton 85 (Cynodon sp.) na produção de silagem armazenada na forma de fardos grandes revestidos por filme plástico. Silagens com cinco níveis de matéria seca (250 g kg -1 , 350 g kg -1 , 450 g kg -1 , 550 g kg -1 e 650 g kg -1 MS) foram confeccionadas na ausência de IBE. Outros três tratamentos consistiram de níveis de matéria seca (250 g kg -1 , 450 g kg -1 e 650 g kg -1 MS) na presença de aditivo bacteriano-enzimático (IBE), e um tratamento adicional, onde os fardos foram submetidos à pré-emurchecimento até atingir o maior nível de MS (650 g kg -1 MS), foi pulverizada uma solução contendo APT. As amostras foram tomadas imediatamente antes (zero hora) e às 6, 12 horas e 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 90 e 180 dias após a ensilagem, para estabelecer curvas de tendência temporal para as características qualitativas de fermentação. As amostras coletadas à zero hora e aos 8, 16, 32, 90 e 180 dias após a ensilagem também foram usadas para determinação da composição química-bromatológica. Nas amostras tomadas à zero hora e aos 32 e 180 dias após a ensilagem foram determinados o perfil microbiológico e alguns parâmetros físico-químicos. A avaliação de perdas foi mensurada indiretamente através da estabilidade aeróbica, nas amostras coletadas aos 32, 90 e 180 dias após a ensilagem. O processo de ensilagem, com o teor de matéria seca de 550 g kg -1 MS foi o mais eficiente, por associar: tempo de emurchecimento intermediário, alta densidade de matéria seca, baixa perda de matéria seca por recolhimento, e por apresentar o maior valor para recuperação de massa digestível, durante a ensilagem. Os tratamentos de maior conteúdo de matéria seca (650 g kg -1 MS) também apresentaram bom desempenho para os parâmetros avaliados, entretanto por necessitarem de um período superior a 24 horas de exposição para atingir o emurchecimento desejado, se submeteram à riscos potencialmente elevados originados de chuvas de ocorrência noturna.O uso de pré-emurchecimento à nível médio de MS, 450 g kg-1 MS, favoreceu as características qualitativas de fermentação e a composição química das silagens de Tifton 85. O uso de APT não melhorou as características qualitativas de fermentação e a composição química das silagens. A utilização de IBE apresentou mínimos benefícios somente nas silagens contendo elevado teor de matéria seca, sendo ineficiente para forragens contendo alta umidade.A ensilagem direta da forragem, sem pré-emurchecimento, produziu uma silagem de menor qualidade, caracterizada por alto conteúdo de nitrogênio amoniacal e uma baixa estabilidade aeróbica. O uso de pré-emurchecimento a conteúdos de matéria seca superiores a 550 g kg -1 MS, levou a restrição no crescimento de microrganismos e consequentemente redução na fermentação, resultando em maior estabilidade aeróbica das silagens produzidas. O uso de IBE foi efetivo quando associado ao conteúdo intermediário de MS (450 g kg -1 MS), resultando em maior estabilidade aeróbica da silagem. O uso de APT, nas silagens com elevado teor de MS (650 g kg -1 MS), não apresentou vantagens em relação aos similares.The objectives of this work were to study the effects of wilting and microbiological additive or buffered propionic acid (BPA) on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, microbiological profile, physical parameters, aerobic stability and efficiency of the ensiling process of Tifton (Cynodon sp.) silage stored in plastic wrapped square bales. The treatments were: five forage dry matter contents (250, 350, 450, 550 and 650 g kg -1 DM), three forage dry matter contents (250, 350 and 650 g kg -1 DM) sprayed with bacterial-enzymatic additive (BEA) and wilted forage (650 g kg -1 DM) sprayed with BPA. Core samples were taken 0, 6 and 12 hours and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 90 and 180 days of storage. The chemical composition was determined on samples taken 0, 8, 16, 32, 90 and 180 days of storage and the microbiological and physical-chemical parameters on samples taken 0, 32 and 180 days of storage. Aerobically stability was used to indirectly estimate losses on 32, 90 and 180 days of storage. The 550 g kg -1 forage dry matter showed the highest silage efficiency production, due to intermediary wilting time, high dry matter density, low dry matter losses during raking and harvesting, and large digestible mass recovery. The treatments with 650 g kg -1 DM were efficient was well, however, the needed longer time to achieve this final dry matter content (longer than 24 hours) may elevate the risk of rain damage. Wilting to 450 g kg -1 DM favored fermentation qualitative traits and silage quality. BPA showed no effects and BEA did increase aerobic stability in the intermediary silage dry matter (450 g kg -1 ) and showed slight benefits only on higher dry matter silages. The very poor quality direct cut silage showed high levels N-NH3 and low aerobic stability. Microorganism growth and fermentation intensity were inhibited in the wilted silages with 550 and 650 g kg -1 DM, which enhanced aerobic stability. The addition of BPA showed no positive results in the silages with 650 g kg -1 DM