QUALIDADE NA CADEIA DE PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE: DIAGNÓSTICO E PROPOSIÇÃO DE MELHORIAS

São Paulo state is one of the major milk producer region in Brazil and in this aspect until last decade the municipality of Tupã was most prominent. This city had a decrease in the milk production of around 20%, from 2002 to 2005. There are many facts which might have restrained that milk production chain as a whole to have prevented it to become more competitive. One of the main restraining factors for its development is the quality of the product offered to the final consumer. Considering that this work aims to make a diagnose of the agents which compound that milk production chain in the region of Tupã, SP, aiming to observe whether there are management tools being used for quality management and describe what they are, and identify possible lacks and propose solutions. The method selected for the empirical part is the case study which was made viable by means of interviews with the agent’s participants and researcher observations. This study indicates that the agents in this production chain have different interests. The milk producers are not aware of quality management tools whilst supermarkets are not committed to contribute for building and preserving the quality of milk products. Finally, a model to improve the coordination of the agents in this production chain in order to improve the quality of the product was proposed.milk production chain, quality management and quality product.,

Brazilian Green Propolis: Effects In Vitro and In Vivo on Trypanosoma cruzi

The composition of a Brazilian green propolis ethanolic extract (Et-Bra) and its effect on Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and other pathogenic microorganisms have already been reported. Here, we further investigated Et-Bra targets in T. cruzi and its effect on experimental infection of mice. The IC50/4 days for inhibition of amastigote proliferation was 8.5 ± 1.8 μg mL−1, with no damage to the host cells. In epimastigotes Et-Bra induced alterations in reservosomes, Golgi complex and mitochondrion. These effects were confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. In trypomastigotes, Et-Bra led to the loss of plasma membrane integrity. The in vitro studies indicate that Et-Bra interferes in the functionality of the plasma membrane in trypomastigotes and of reservosomes and mitochondrion in epimastigotes. Acutely infected mice were treated orally with Et-Bra and the parasitemia, mortality and GPT, GOT, CK and urea levels were monitored. The extract (25–300 mg kg−1 body weight/day for 10 days) reduced the parasitemia, although not at significant levels; increased the survival of the animals and did not induce any hepatic, muscular lesion or renal toxicity. Since Et-Bra was not toxic to the animals, it could be assayed in combination with other drugs. Et-Bra could be a potential metacyclogenesis blocker, considering its effect on reservosomes, which are an important energy source during parasite differentiation

Contributions of IFN-gamma and granulysin to the clearance of Plasmodium yoelii blood stage

P. vivax-infected Retics (iRetics) express human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I), are recognized by CD8+ T cells and killed by granulysin (GNLY) and granzymes. However, how Plasmodium infection induces MHC-I expression on Retics is unknown. In addition, whether GNLY helps control Plasmodium infection in vivo has not been studied. Here, we examine these questions using rodent infection with the P. yoelii 17XNL strain, which has tropism for Retics. Infection with P. yoelii caused extramedullary erythropoiesis, reticulocytosis and expansion of CD8+CD44+CD62L- IFN-gamma-producing T cells that form immune synapses with iRetics. We now provide evidence that MHC-I expression by iRetic is dependent on IFN-gamma-induced transcription of IRF-1, MHC-I and beta2-microglobulin (beta2-m) in erythroblasts. Consistently, CTLs from infected wild type (WT) mice formed immune synapses with iRetics in an IFN-gamma- and MHC-I-dependent manner. When challenged with P. yoelii 17XNL, WT mice cleared parasitemia and survived, while IFN-gamma KO mice remained parasitemic and all died. beta2-m KO mice that do not express MHC-I and have virtually no CD8+ T cells had prolonged parasitemia, and 80% survived. Because mice do not express GNLY, GNLY-transgenic mice can be used to assess the in vivo importance of GNLY. Parasite clearance was accelerated in GNLY-transgenic mice and depletion of CD8+ T cells ablated the GNLY-mediated resistance to P. yoelii. Altogether, our results indicate that in addition to previously described mechanisms, IFN-gamma promotes host resistance to the Retic-tropic P. yoelii 17XNL strain by promoting MHC-I expression on iRetics that become targets for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes and GNLY

Positive Effects of Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Supplementation and DietBra on Inflammation and Glycemic Profiles in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Class II/III Obesity: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Evidence on the effects of dietary interventions on inflammatory markers in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is scarce. Our study evaluated the effects of extra-virgin olive oil alone and in combination with a traditional Brazilian diet on inflammatory markers and glycemic profiles in adults with both T2DM and class II/III obesity. Methods: Adults aged 18-64 years with T2DM and class II/III obesity were randomized into two intervention groups: 1) extra-virgin olive oil only and 2) extra-virgin olive oil + a traditional Brazilian diet (OliveOil+DietBra). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, anthropometry, biochemical markers and inflammatory markers were collected. The primary outcomes were glycemic parameters and inflammatory markers. The body mass index (BMI) and weight were the secondary outcomes. Results: Forty individuals with T2DM and class II/III obesity were enrolled, and 34 (85%) completed the intervention course. The intake of olive oil was 37.88 ± 12.50 mL/day in the olive oil group and 37.71 ± 12.23 mL/day in the OliveOil+DietBra group, with no significant difference between groups (p = 0.484). Compared to the olive oil only group, the OliveOil+DietBra group had significantly lower levels of fasting insulin (p = 0.047) at the end of the intervention, whereas the other glycemic parameters were not altered. In the OliveOil+DietBra group, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α (p = 0.006) and adiponectin (p = 0.049) were lower and those of TNFα were higher (p = 0.037). There was a significant reduction in BMI and weight compared to the baseline values in the OliveOil+DietBra group (p = 0.015). Conclusions: The intervention with OliveOil+DietBra effectively decreased the levels of fasting insulin, IL-1α and adiponectin, suggesting its beneficial role in improving the inflammatory profiles and fasting insulin levels in adults with class II/III obesity and T2DM. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02463435

A ANÁLISE DE VULNERABILIDADE SOCIOAMBIENTAL NO SUL DO ESTADO DE RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL

The term ‘’vulnerability’’ has been used more frequently in studies, surveys and official documents, seeking a better understanding of population groups, their needs and specificities. As it is a complex and multifaceted field of analysis, the most different areas of knowledge propose to analyze different perspectives of vulnerability. In this study, the construction was carried out from the social and environmental perspectives, aiming at an integrated analysis of social inequalities in the areas of study. The construction of the SEVI – Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index, allows the ranking of the regions studied according to the existing vulnerability processes. The methodology was based on the choice and classification of indicators for the construction of a global index for the municipalities in the South Zone of Rio Grande do Sul from the integration into a GIS - Geographic Information System. The results demonstrate the complexity of situations of vulnerability for these regions, the contribution of the analyzed perspectives and the vulnerable populations. The use of methodologies to map these populations helps in decision-making processes and in the elaboration of policies committed to interrupting the processes of social inequality brought about by capitalism.El término “vulnerabilidad” ha sido utilizado con mayor frecuencia en estudios, encuestas y documentos oficiales, buscando una mejor comprensión de los aspectos de vulnerabilidad de los grupos poblacionales, sus necesidades y especificidades. Al tratarse de un campo de análisis complejo y multifacético, las más diversas áreas del conocimiento proponen analizar distintas perspectivas de la vulnerabilidad. En este estudio, la construcción se realizó desde las perspectivas social y ambiental, visando un análisis integrado de las desigualdades sociales en las áreas de estudio. La construcción del SEVI – Índice de Vulnerabilidad Socioambiental, permite jerarquizar las regiones estudiadas según los procesos de vulnerabilidad existentes. La metodología se basó en la elección y clasificación de indicadores para la construcción de un índice global para los municipios de la Zona Sur de Rio Grande do Sul a partir de la integración en un SIG - Sistema de Información Geográfica. Los resultados demuestran la complejidad de las situaciones de vulnerabilidad para estas regiones, el aporte de las perspectivas analizadas y las poblaciones vulnerables. El uso de metodologías para mapear estas poblaciones ayuda en los procesos de toma de decisiones y en la elaboración de políticas comprometidas con la interrupción de los procesos de desigualdad social provocados por el capitalismo.O termo ‘’vulnerabilidade’’ tem sido utilizado com mais frequência em estudos, pesquisas e documentos oficiais, buscando uma melhor compreensão dos aspectos de vulnerabilidade de grupos populacionais, suas necessidades e especificidades. Por se tratar de um campo de análise complexo e multifacetado, as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento se propõem a analisar diferentes perspectivas da vulnerabilidade. Neste estudo, a construção foi realizada sob as perspectivas social e ambiental, visando uma análise integrada das desigualdades sociais nas áreas de estudo. A construção do SEVI – Índice de Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental, permite hierarquizar as regiões estudadas de acordo com os processos de vulnerabilidade existentes. A metodologia baseou-se na escolha e classificação de indicadores para a construção de um índice global para os municípios da Zona Sul do Rio Grande do Sul a partir da integração em um SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográficas. Os resultados demonstram a complexidade das situações de vulnerabilidade dessas regiões, a contribuição das perspectivas analisadas e das populações vulneráveis. O uso de metodologias para mapear essas populações auxilia nos processos de tomada de decisão e na elaboração de políticas comprometidas com a interrupção dos processos de desigualdade social trazidos pelo capitalismo

One-Step reverse transcriptase PCR for detection of arboviruses in serum samples of patients assisted in Basic health Units in the State of Maranhão, Brazil / PCR de transcriptase reversa em uma etapa para detecção de arbovírus em amostras de soro de pacientes atendidos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde no estado do Maranhão, Brasil

polymerase chain reaction to detect acute infections caused by dengue, zika, chikungunya, and mayaro virus in clinical samples. Methods: We evaluated 620 sera samples collected from March 2016 to March 2018 and provided by the Central Health Laboratory of Maranhão (LACEN-MA). Total RNA was isolated from clinical specimens and used as the template for one-step RT-PCR assays with specific-primers designed for this study. Results: Of the 620 sera evaluated, 386 (62.2%) were positive, among them 330 (85.5%) amplified a specific fragment for chikungunya, 55 (14.2%) showed a fragment compatible with dengue serotype 4, and 1 (0.3%) exhibited profile for mayaro virus. Conclusions: The results obtained here were more sensitive than IgM-ELISA because the viral RNA was detected in serum samples from patients, not only from 1 to 6 days but also from 7 to 10 days after the beginning of clinical signs (convalescent period). Besides, the mayaro virus was detected in one serum sample that was IgM-ELISA negative for dengue, zika, and chikungunya. 

Acceptability of short message service (SMS) as a tool for malaria treatment adherence in the Brazilian Amazon: a qualitative study

Background: Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity worldwide, and patient adherence to prescribed antimalarials is essential for effective treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study, with in-depth telephone interviews, analyzed participants’ perceptions of short message service (SMS) in adherence to treatment. Results: Five thematic categories emerged: decreased forgetfulness, the novelty of the tool, easy-to-understand language, the impact of SMS messages during treatment, and suggestions for improvement and complaints. Conclusions: SMS could assist patients in adhering to prescribed antimalarials.Fil: Rodovalho, Sheila. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Dias, Ádila Liliane Barros. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Paz Ade, Maria. Pan American Health Organization; ArgentinaFil: Saint Gerons, Diego Macias. Pan American Health Organization; ArgentinaFil: Castro, Jose Luis. Pan American Health Organization; ArgentinaFil: Beratarrechea, Andrea Gabriela. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Murta, Felipe Leão Gomes. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: dos Santos, Alicia Cacau Patrine. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Marques, Leonardo Lincoln Gomes. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Sampaio, Vanderson Souza. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Baia da Silva, Djane Clarys. Fundación Oswaldo Cruz; Brasil. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; BrasilFil: Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo. Universidade do Estado do Amazonas; Brasi

ESTABLISHING THE REFERENCE RANGE FOR T LYMPHOCYTES SUBPOPULATIONS IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN FROM BRAZIL

SUMMARY In Brazil, the existing reference values for T-lymphocytes subsets are based on data originated in other countries. There is no local information on normal variation for these parameters in Brazilian adults and children. We evaluated the normal variation found in blood donors from five large Brazilian cities, in different regions, and in children living in Salvador, and Rio de Janeiro. All samples were processed by flow cytometry. The results were analyzed according to region, gender, and lifestyle of blood donors. A total of 641 adults (63% males), and 280 children (58% males) were involved in the study. The absolute CD3+, and CD4+ cells count were significantly higher for females (adults and children). Higher CD4+ cell count in adults was associated with smoking, while higher CD8+ count was found among female children. Higher counts, for all T-cells subsets, were detected in blood donors from southeast / south regions while those living in the northern region had the lowest values. Individuals from midwestern and northeastern regions had an intermediate count for all these cells subsets. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance. In Brazil, gender and smoking, were the main determinants of differences in T-lymphocytes reference values.RESUMO Os valores de referências de linfócitos T existentes no Brasil são baseados em dados originados de outros países. Não existem dados locais da variação normal para estes parâmetros em adultos e crianças brasileiras. Avaliamos a variação normal encontrada em doadores de sangue de cinco grandes cidades brasileiras em diferentes regiões e em crianças residentes em Salvador e Rio de Janeiro. Todas as amostras foram processadas por citometria de fluxo. Os resultados foram analisados de acordo com região, gênero e estilo de vida dos doadores. Um total de 641 adultos (63% homens) e 280 crianças (58% meninos) participaram do estudo. Valores absolutos de CD3+ e CD4+ foram significantemente maiores no gênero feminino (adultos e crianças). Maiores valores de CD4+ em adultos foram associados com tabagismo, enquanto que maiores valores de CD8+ foram encontrados entre crianças do sexo feminino. Adultos das regiões sul e sudeste apresentaram maiores valores absolutos para todas as células T enquanto que adultos da região norte, apresentaram menores valores. Indivíduos residentes no nordeste e centro-oeste obtiveram contagens intermediárias para todas as populações de células T. Entretanto, estas diferenças entre as regiões, não demonstraram diferença estatística. No Brasil, gênero e tabagismo foram os principais determinantes para diferenças em valores de referências de linfócitos T

Influência da ingestão alimentar no desempenho e na composição corporal de jogadores de futebol

Football is a sports modality made up of intermittent exercises that draws attention in Brazil both for the cultural issue and for the high numbers it moves. The present study aimed to correlate food intake with the performance and body composition of football players from an amateur team in a city in the interior of SP. Twenty-two athletes were evaluated, which were evaluated: anthropometry (weight and height), body composition by Bioimpedance (BIA), food consumption through 24-hour recalls and cardiorespiratory fitness by physical test (Yo-Yo). The average age of the athletes was 23.4 ± 4.48 years, and they were allocated in groups according to their respective positions: group 1 (goalkeepers and defenders), group 2 (wingers), group 3 (defensive midfielders) and group 4 (attackers and midfield). Goalkeepers and defenders had a higher body weight than other players. No statistical differences were found for the other variables, with the percentage of body fat ranging between 15.83 and 19.73 and the lean mass between 80.27 to 84.17. When correlating the intake of carbohydrates and calories with the performance in the Yo-Yo test and of proteins with the body composition of the players, no statistically significant values ​​were found. Thus, it is concluded that the athletes' food intake would probably not be the only factor that may interfere in these variables in question.O futebol é uma modalidade esportiva constituída por exercícios intermitentes que chama a atenção no Brasil tanto pela questão cultural quanto pelas altas cifras que movimenta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo correlacionar a ingestão alimentar com o desempenho e composição corporal de jogadores de futebol de uma equipe amadora de uma cidade do interior de SP. Foram avaliados 22 atletas, onde se avaliou: a antropometria (peso e estatura), a composição corporal por Bioimpedância (BIA), o consumo alimentar por meio de recordatórios de 24 horas e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória por teste físico (Yo-Yo). A média de idade dos atletas foi de 23,4 ± 4,48 anos, sendo que eles foram alocados em grupos de acordo com suas respectivas posições: grupo 1 (goleiros e zagueiros), grupo 2 (laterais), grupo 3 (volantes) e grupo 4 (atacantes e meio campo). Os goleiros e zagueiros tiveram um peso corporal maior do que os outros jogadores. Não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas para as outras variáveis, sendo que o percentual de gordura corporal variou entre 15,83 e 19,73 e o de massa magra entre 80,27 a 84,17. Ao correlacionar a ingestão de carboidratos e calorias com o desempenho no teste Yo-Yo e de proteínas com a composição corporal dos jogadores, não foram encontrados valores estatisticamente significativos. Sendo assim, conclui-se que a ingestão alimentar dos atletas provavelmente não seria o único fator que possa vir a interferir nestas variáveis em questão