Artificial intelligence and personal learning environments: attentive to the proper use of technological resources by university students

Artificial intelligence (AI) has invaded learning spaces seeking to revolutionize education. Content creators on social networks like TikTok share hacks or academic tricks to facilitate the development of student tasks, but sometimes what they share are nothing more than tools of unethical practices that are used in the deliverables that the teacher programs. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to reflect on the impact that artificial intelligence generates in the personal learning environments of university centenarians from academic hacks and tools to carry out unethical practices in the classroom. As a conclusion, it is obtained that the critical and creative thinking of the linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence are affected when the student applies this type of tools. A problem of human values in the apprentice is identified.La inteligencia artificial (IA) ha invadido los espacios de aprendizaje buscando revolucionar la educación. Creadores de contenidos en medios sociales como TikTok comparten hacks o trucos académicos para facilitar el desarrollo de las tareas de los estudiantes, pero en ocasiones lo que comparten no es más que herramientas de prácticas poco éticas que se emplean en los entregables que agenda el docente. Por lo anterior, el propósito de este ensayo es reflexionar sobre el impacto que genera la inteligencia artificial en los entornos personales de aprendizaje de los centennials universitarios a partir de los hacks académicos y las herramientas para realizar prácticas poco éticas en el aula. Como conclusión se obtiene que el pensamiento crítico y creativo de la inteligencia lingüística y lógico-matemática se ven afectadas cuando el estudiante aplica este tipo de herramientas. Se identifica un problema de valores en el aprendiz.A inteligência artificial (IA) invadiu os espaços de aprendizagem buscando revolucionar a educação. Criadores de conteúdo em redes sociais como o TikTok compartilham hacks ou truques acadêmicos para facilitar o desenvolvimento das tarefas dos alunos, mas às vezes o que eles compartilham nada mais são do que ferramentas de práticas antiéticas que são utilizadas nos entregáveis que o professor programa. Portanto, o objetivo deste ensaio é refletir sobre o impacto que a inteligência artificial gera nos ambientes pessoais de aprendizagem de centenários universitários a partir de hacks acadêmicos e ferramentas para realizar práticas antiéticas em sala de aula. Como conclusão, obtém-se que o pensamento crítico e criativo da inteligência linguística e lógico-matemática são afetados quando o aluno aplica este tipo de ferramentas. É identificado um problema de valores humanos no aprendiz

Effects of the feed : Water mixing proportion on diet digestibility of growing pigs

Funding: This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (CDTI project IDI-20110003), and TEM 2010 research grant form "Comissionat per a Universitats I Recerca del Departament d'Innovació, Universitats I empresa form Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR).The effect of different water-to-feed ratios on apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients were evaluated in growing-finishing pigs. In trial 1 (26 d), 16 female pigs (46.7 ± 1.98 kg of body weight, BW) were individually assigned to four treatments (n = 4). In trial 1, pigs were fed a control diet in dry form (CON) and in blend form with water-to-feed ratios of 0.6:1, 2.1:1 and 2.7:1. In trial 2 (26 d), rearranged animals (65.4 ± 3.14 kg of BW) were assigned a control diet in dry form (CON) and ratios of 1.35:1, 2.7:1 and 3.5:1. In trial 1, pigs fed on ratios of 2.1:1 and 2.7:1 had a higher organic matter digestibility (OMd) and gross energy digestibility (GEd) than CON. In trial 2, pigs fed on ratios of 1.35:1, 2.7:1, and 3.5:1 had a higher OMd and GEd than CON. Quadratic regressions showed the maximum dilution rate to reach higher digestibility coefficients at 1.83:1 and at 2.7:1 for trials 1 and 2, respectively. During trial 1, pigs on the 0.6:1 dilution rate had higher weight gain than those on CON. The water-to-feed ratio that optimized OM and GE digestibility may increase with the age of the pigs

Huatulco desde la perspectiva de los destinos inteligentes

This article develops an exploratory analysis about the situation and future possibilities of the municipality of Santa María Huatulco (Oaxaca, Mexico), from the perspective of the planning and management of smart tourist destinations. It begins with the conceptualization of Smart Destination, pointing out how this notion developed from that of Smart City. Subsequently, after presenting the methodology that was used, the four main characteristics of smart destinations are presented: innovation, technology, sustainability and accessibility. It continues with the presentation of two success stories: Dubai (United Arab Emirates) and Tequila (Mexico), highlighting the practices they carry out to ensure the satisfaction of their citizens, as well as those who visit them. Later, the municipality of Santa María Huatulco is analyzed qualitatively to establish its current status according to the four characteristics indicated. The text closes with some reflections about the main areas in which this destination should work to become a Smart Destination, as well as the benefits of such step.El presente artículo desarrolla un análisis exploratorio acerca de la situación y las posibilidades futuras del municipio de Santa María Huatulco (Oaxaca, México) desde la perspectiva de la planificación y la gestión de los destinos turísticos inteligentes. Se comienza con la conceptualización de destino turístico inteligente y se señala cómo esta noción se desarrolló a partir de la de ciudad inteligente. Posteriormente, tras presentar la metodología seguida, se presentanlas cuatro principales características de los destinos inteligentes: innovación, tecnología, sustentabilidad y accesibilidad. Se continúa con la presentación de dos casos de éxito: Dubái (Emiratos Árabes Unidos) y Tequila (México), y se resaltan las prácticas que llevan a cabo esos destinos para asegurar la satisfacción de sus ciudadanos, así como de quienes los visitan. Más adelante, se analiza cualitativamente el municipio de Santa María Huatulco y su estado actual a partir de las cuatro características señaladas. El texto se cierra con unas reflexiones en las que se discuten las principales áreas en que este municipio debería trabajar para convertirse en un destino turístico inteligente, así como los beneficios de tal conversión

Plasmatic protein values in captive adult Iberian red deer stags (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

The aim of this study was to assess the time trend of plasmatic proteins in red deer stags. Blood samples were taken monthly from 17 male red deer for 22 months. Total plasmatic determination and protein electrophoresis were performed. Plasmatic proteins showed minimum values during spring and summer and a maximum at the peak of the mating period. Total globulins, β and γ, followed a pattern similar to that observed for total proteins, whereas α1 and α2 globulins showed no seasonal variations. Albumin showed higher values in early spring and summer and lower values at the beginning of autumn, coinciding with the mating season. These seasonal changes in plasmatic proteins should be taken into account when assessing blood protein analysis results.This study was funded by projects AGL2007-63838/gan, PBI-05-040, PAC 06-01304298 and PET2006-0263 and MICINN (PTQ 09-02-01923).Peer Reviewe

Estado del conocimiento del sistema 4MAT en la investigación educativa y el aprendizaje del inglés

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el estado del conocimiento del sistema 4MAT, destacando la productividad científica relacionada con el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera en el período 2010-2021. El enfoque de la investigación fue mixto. Se aplicó la teoría fundamentada, el método de análisis de contenido y se utilizaron técnicas de frecuencia y codificación de palabras, análisis de conglomerados y matriz de revisión, con apoyo del software NVivo. Los resultados develaron que las tendencias investigativas en torno al sistema 4MAT se concentran en las áreas de ciencias y su uso en el área de inglés es incipiente. Se concluye que existe una veta para el estudio del sistema 4MAT y su contribución en el aprendizaje del inglés en bachillerato, dada la escasez de trabajos en la materia y la influencia de dicho sistema en el aprendizaje, la motivación y el rendimiento del estudiantado

Efficacy of medium-chain fatty acid salts distilled from coconut oil against two enteric pathogen challenges in weanling piglets

Background: The search for alternatives to antibiotics in pig production has increased the interest in natural resources with antimicrobial properties, such as medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) as in-feed additives. This study evaluated the potential of a novel blend of MCFA salts (DIC) from distilled coconut oil with a lauric acid content to reduce enteropathogens and control intestinal diseases around weaning. Two experimental disease models were implemented in early-weaned piglets, consisting of two oral challenges: Salmonella Typhimurium (1.2 × 10 CFU) or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4 (1.5 × 10 CFU). The parameters assessed were: animal performance, clinical signs, pathogen excretion, intestinal fermentation, immune-inflammatory response, and intestinal morphology. Results: The Salmonella challenge promoted an acute course of diarrhea, with most of the parameters responding to the challenge, whereas the ETEC F4 challenge promoted a mild clinical course. A consistent antipathogenic effect of DIC was observed in both trials in the hindgut, with reductions in Salmonella spp. plate counts in the cecum (P = 0.03) on d 8 post-inoculation (PI) (Salmonella trial), and of enterobacteria and total coliform counts in the ileum and colon (P < 0.10) on d 8 PI (ETEC F4 trial). When analyzing the entire colonic microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing), this additive tended (P = 0.13) to reduce the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and enriched Fibrobacteres after the Salmonella challenge. In the ETEC F4 challenge, DIC prompted structural changes in the ecosystem with increases in Dialister, and a trend (P = 0.14) to increase the Veillonellaceae family. Other parameters such as the intestinal fermentation products or serum pro-inflammatory mediators were not modified by DIC supplementation, nor were the histological parameters. Only the intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) counts were lowered by DIC in animals challenged with Salmonella (P = 0.07). With ETEC F4, the IEL counts were higher with DIC on d 8 PI (P = 0.08). Conclusions: This study confirms the potential activity of this MCFA salts mixture to reduce intestinal colonization by opportunistic pathogens such as Salmonella or E. coli and its ability to modulate colonic microbiota. These changes could explain to some extent the local immune cell response at the ileal level

What do rates of deposition of dental cementum tell us? Functional and evolutionary hypotheses in red deer.

Cementum is a bone connective tissue that provides a flexible attachment for the tooth to the alveolar bone in many mammalian species. It does not undergo continuous remodelling, unlike non-dental bone, which combined with its growth pattern of seasonal layering makes this tissue uniquely suitable as a proxy for tracking changes in body repair investment throughout an animal´s life. We tested functional and sexual selection hypotheses on the rate of cementum deposition related to the highly polygynous mating strategy of red deer. We used a sample of 156 first lower molars from wild Scottish red deer of known age between 1 and 17 years old, approximately balanced by sex and age class. Cementum deposition on the inter-radicular pad increased with age at a constant average rate of 0.26 mm per year, with no significant differences between sexes. Cementum deposition was independent of (i) tooth wear, other than that associated with age, and (ii) enamel and dentine micro-hardness. The results partially supported the hypothesis that the main function of cementum is the repositioning of the tooth to maintain opposing teeth in occlusion. However, teeth that had more wear or males´ teeth that had faster rates of tooth wear than those of females did not present the expected higher rates of cementum deposition

Behavioural changes in weaned piglets orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4 and supplemented with in-feed protected acid salts

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABImprovement of the intestinal health of piglets at weaning is a principal objective in pig farming in terms of performance and welfare benefits. Early indicators of disease are indispensable for evaluating animal health and the efficacy of interventions such as feed additive supplementation. This study evaluates behavioural changes in weaned piglets that are orally challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4, and which receive or not two different in-feed additives. Two independent trials were performed with early-weaned piglets in pens of three animals, which were fed a plain diet (N = 32) or one supplemented with sodium butyrate (N = 16; Trial 1) or sodium heptanoate (N = 16; Trial 2) and protected with coconut distillates. After one week of adaptation, piglets were challenged with a single oral dose of E. coli F4 (minimum 1.4 x109 cfu). Scan-sampling was used to evaluate individual behaviour (location in the pen, postures, contact with pen mates, and activities) on the day before (d-1) and two days post-inoculation (d+2 and d+3) at 2-min intervals. Behaviours were recorded in mornings (8 am to 10 am) and afternoons (4 pm to 6 pm). Faecal consistency was also recorded for each animal. Diarrhoea peaked at d+ 2. Regarding behaviour, on d+ 2 there was greater frequency of the animals lying inactively under the heat lamp, in contrast to d-1 when they were more frequently present in the feeder, standing and active (P < 0.05). Around the feeder, standing and active behaviour increased at d+ 3, especially in the afternoon (PDayxTime of day < 0.05). Piglets fed sodium heptanoate spent less time around the feeder (P < 0.05). The weight of the animal at weaning was also observed to have an impact on the effect of time or diet on behaviour. Medium size piglets spent more time lying with pen mates in the afternoon (PSizexTime of day < 0.01) and the smallest piglets increased their feeding behaviour when receiving the supplemented diets (PSizexDiet < 0.05). In conclusion, a lethargic response among piglets after the E. coli F4 challenge was evidenced, this response being slightly modified by the supplementation of in-feed additives and the size of the animals. These results are evidence of the potential of behavioural indicators as a useful tool to assess the health status of piglets at weaning and their responses to in-feed supplementation, but they should be regarded with caution before any transfer to farm conditions due to the limitations of experimental models

Effects of Bifidobacterium longum Subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, Combined or Not With Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin, on Weaned Pigs Orally Challenged With Salmonella Typhimurium

Salmonella is a common causative agent of enteric disease and is developing mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobials. Probiotics, such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, and prebiotic fibers are a potential alternative to counteract this pathogen as they have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing its adhesion, reducing intestinal damage, and enhancing the host immune system. Furthermore, the benefits are expected to be potentiated when these compounds are administered together. A trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of two probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 (Laboratorios Ordesa S.L.) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001, combined or not with a prebiotic containing oligofructose-enriched inulin, against Salmonella Typhimurium. Ninety-six piglets (28 days old) were distributed into 32 pens assigned to 5 treatments: one non-challenged (control diet, CTR+) and four challenged: control diet (CTR−) or supplemented with probiotics (>3 × 10 10 cfu/kg each strain, PRO), prebiotic (5%, PRE), or their combination (SYN). After 1 week of adaptation, animals were orally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Feed intake, weight, and clinical signs were recorded. On days 4 and 8 post-inoculation (PI), one animal per pen was euthanized, and samples from blood, digestive content, and ileal tissues were collected to determine Salmonella counts, fermentation products, ileal histomorphology, and serum TNF-α and Pig-MAP concentrations. The effect of the oral challenge was evidenced by animal performance, fecal consistency, and intestinal architecture. Regarding the experimental treatments, animals belonging to the PRO group experienced a faster clearance of the pathogen, with more pigs being negative to its excretion at the end of the study and recovering the impaired ileal villi/crypt ratio more rapidly. Animals receiving the PRE diet showed a lower intestinal colonization by Salmonella, with no countable levels (<3 cfu/g) in any of the analyzed samples, and an augmented immune response suggested by serum Pig-MAP concentrations. Treatments including the prebiotic (PRE and SYN) showed similar changes in the fermentation pattern, with an increase in the molar percentage of valeric acid concentration in the colon. The SYN group, however, did not show any of the outcomes registered for PRO and PRE in Salmonella colonization or in immunity markers, suggesting the lack of synbiotic action in this animal model. Further research is needed to better understand the complex mechanisms behind these effects