ENVIRONMENT, WATER AND TERRITORY: DIAGNOSIS AND METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN A WATERSHED OF HIGHLANDS OF JALISCO MEXICO

For the management of natural resources, one option is integrated partial management of small watersheds; specifically the local management of water bodies as amalgam both bio-physical, socio-cultural elements, such as falling within the watershed itself. In the present work advances in the diagnosis and methodology of the research project on the quality and availability of water resources in the watershed of "Jihuite" and its interrelation with the growth of the city of Tepatitlán, Jalisco exposed, because of the change on land use, population growth and agricultural and industrial development of the region in the last 25 years. The watershed of the Jihuite is located 6 km from the city of Tepatitlán, belongs to the subbasin of the Rio Verde, the Santiago basin and the hydrologic region Lerma- Santiago-Pacific, with an area of approximately 60 km². By the methodological approach of Cultural Ecology and various quantitative and qualitative stages, such as parametric data collection on quality and degree of availability, statistical techniques (principal component analysis) and the use of participatory geographic information systems, as well as interviews, surveys and field trips local uses and handling of water bodies were addressed, by the different users of the watershed, identifying strengths and weaknesses of the current program for local water management, in order to promote local management alternatives that offer greater certainty and sustainability of the resource

Evolução da Gestão da Água em Municípios Mexicanos: Estudo de uma Organização Pública Descentralizada em Los Altos de Jalisco (2013-2018)

This paper addresses the advances and challenges in the water administration of a Decentralized Public Body in Los Altos de Jalisco (Mexico), which has evolved from centralist models to the current scheme where there is greater social participation. Using the basic principles of the Analytical Framework for Governance and Integrated Water Resource Management, strategic actors, nodal points, norms and a certain amount of social participation in decision-making have been identified, reflecting improvements in technical and administrative areas, which have generated tax recovery and a new water culture. However, there are still things to be done such as the elimination and control of water leaks, the expansion and optimisation of water treatment and reuse, the opening of more spaces for citizen participation and optimisation in the prioritisation of investment projects.El trabajo aborda los avances y retos en la administración del agua de un Organismo Público Descentralizado de Los Altos de Jalisco (México), que ha evolucionado desde modelos centralistas hasta el actual esquema donde existe mayor participación social. Mediante los principios básicos del Marco Analítico de la Gobernanza y la Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos se han detectado actores estratégicos, puntos nodales, normas y cierta participación social en la toma de decisiones, que refleja mejoras en áreas técnicas y administrativas, que han generado recuperación de impuestos y una nueva cultura del agua. No obstante, quedan cosas pendientes de realizar como la supresión y control de fugas de agua, la ampliación y optimización de los tratamientos y reutilizaciones de aguas, la apertura de más espacios para la participación ciudadana y la optimización en la priorización de proyectos de inversión.Le travail porte sur les progrès et les défis de l'administration de l'eau d'une organisation publique décentralisée à Los Altos de Jalisco (Mexique), qui a évolué des modèles centralisateurs au régime actuel où il y a une plus grande participation sociale. Grâce aux principes de base du cadre analytique pour la gouvernance et la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau, des acteurs stratégiques, des points nodaux, des normes et un certain degré de participation sociale à la prise de décision ont été identifiés, reflétant les améliorations dans les domaines techniques et administratifs, qui ont généré un recouvrement des impôts et une nouvelle culture de l'eau. Cependant, il reste des choses à faire, comme l'élimination et le contrôle des fuites d'eau, l'expansion et l'optimisation du traitement et de la réutilisation de l'eau, l'ouverture de plus d'espaces pour la participation des citoyens et l'optimisation de la priorisation des projets d'investissementO trabalho aborda os avanços e desafios na administração da água de uma Organização Pública Descentralizada em Los Altos de Jalisco (México), que evoluiu de modelos centralistas para o esquema atual onde há uma maior participação social. Através dos princípios básicos do Marco Analítico de Governança e Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos, foram identificados atores estratégicos, pontos nodais, normas e certa participação social na tomada de decisões, refletindo melhorias nas áreas técnicas e administrativas, que geraram recuperação de impostos e uma nova cultura da água. Entretanto, ainda há coisas a serem feitas, tais como a eliminação e controle de vazamentos de água, a expansão e otimização do tratamento e reutilização da água, a abertura de mais espaços para participação cidadã e a otimização na priorização de projetos de investimento.O trabalho aborda os avanços e desafios na administração da água de uma Organização Pública Descentralizada em Los Altos de Jalisco (México), que evoluiu de modelos centralistas para o esquema atual onde há uma maior participação social. Através dos princípios básicos do Marco Analítico de Governança e Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos, foram identificados atores estratégicos, pontos nodais, normas e certa participação social na tomada de decisões, refletindo melhorias nas áreas técnicas e administrativas, que geraram recuperação de impostos e uma nova cultura da água. Entretanto, ainda há coisas a serem feitas, tais como a eliminação e controle de vazamentos de água, a expansão e otimização do tratamento e reutilização da água, a abertura de mais espaços para participação cidadã e a otimização na priorização de projetos de investimento

Tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas mediante plantas macrófitas típicas en Los Altos de Jalisco, México

AbstractRegarding wastewater treatment, Mexico has been mainly, lack of infrastructure, high costs of installation, operation and maintenance as well as lack of trained personnel. As a result only 40.2% of the wastewater generated receive any treatment, it is necessary to develop alternative technologies at affordable costs for the treatment of domestic wastewater. The use of some types of specimens of macrophytes is a treatment option due to its high pollutant removal efficiency and low cost of installation and maintenance. This paper evaluates three different types of plants typical of natural wetlands in the region of the Highlands of Jalisco as are the common reed (Phragmites australis), gladiolus (Gladiolus spp) and cattail (Typha latifolia), by measuring water quality parameters contained in the mexican official standards (NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 and NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997), like the potential of hydrogen (pH), biochemical oxygen demand in five days , total nitrogen, total phosphorus and fats and oils, in experimental units with retention times of three, five and seven days performing four evaluations in a year. The results showed significant reductions in all parameters studied so that the plants evaluated can be a sustainable alternative for removal of organic load and nutrients in domestic wastewater with a low cost of installation, operation and maintenance.En la cuestión del saneamiento de aguas residuales, México ha tenido principalmente: déficit de infraestructura, altos costos de instalación, operación y mantenimiento, así como falta de personal capacitado, de tal modo que sólo el 40.2% de las aguas residuales generadas reciben algún tipo de tratamiento. Por esto es necesario desarrollar tecnologías alternas, a costos accesibles, para el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas, con eficiencia en la eliminación de contaminantes a bajo costo de instalación y mantenimiento. En este trabajo se evalúan tres tipos diferentes de plantas típicas de los humedales naturales en la región de Los Altos de Jalisco como lo son: el carrizo común (Phragmites australis), el gladiolo (Gladiolus spp) y la totora (Typha latifolia), mediante la medición de parámetros de calidad de agua contenidos en las normas oficiales mexicanas (NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 y NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997), como el potencial de hidrógeno (pH), la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno en cinco días, el nitrógeno total, el fósforo total y las grasas y aceites, en unidades experimentales con tiempos de retención de tres, cinco y siete días realizando cuatro evaluaciones en un año. Los resultados mostraron reducciones significativas en todos los parámetros estudiados, de tal forma que las plantas evaluadas pueden ser una alternativa sustentable para la remoción de carga orgánica y nutrientes presentes en aguas residuales domésticas con bajo costo de instalación, operación y mantenimiento

El reto del abastecimiento de agua potable. Calidad del agua y su gestión

México se considera un país con disponibilidad de agua suficiente para cubrir las necesidades de la población, con más de 4300 m3 por habitante; pero, tal cantidad debe ajustarse por su distribución temporal y espacial, y características locales como el crecimiento urbano y suburbano, y actividades productivas que demandan cada vez de agua potable y el consecuente incremento del volumen de agua residual. En este contexto, los factores locales que más reducen la disponibilidad de agua es la contaminación de los cuerpos de agua por descargas continuas del drenaje doméstico e industrial, o durante los periodos de lluvias por los escurrimientos que se generan de los terrenos con uso agropecuario e instalaciones ganaderas. Según la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente para el Desarrollo Sustentable (SEMADES), todos los municipios de las regiones Altos sur y Altos norte de Jalisco, presentan problemas de contaminación de agua superficial, al verter aguas residuales sin tratamiento a la red fluvial y por desechos de granjas; aunque los sistemas de producción agropecuaria también se han identificado como fuentes de contaminación no puntual para los cuerpos de agua superficial. Más dramática es la situación de estos recursos hídricos contaminados de la región Alteña que están planeados para utilizarse en ciudades como Guadalajara, en Jalisco o León, en Guanajuato; las regiones Altos sur y Altos norte también reportan problemas de sobreexplotación de acuíferos, acentuados por la extracción de aguas subterráneas profundas con alto contenido de flúor, selenio y arsénico, con el consecuente efecto negativo en la salud de la población que consuma esta agua. El Cuerpo Académico (CA) N° 561 “Calidad del agua” del Centro Universitario de los Altos de la Universidad de Guadalajara, desde su formación planteó en sus metas el desarrollar el conocimiento para participar en la solución de la problemática de la sustentabilidad hídrica y así cumplir con el compromiso adquirido con la población Alteña. El CA requiere de acciones como la vinculación e intercambio de experiencias con otros investigadores, cuerpos académicos similares, e inclusive, instituciones que tienen al recurso hídrico y sus procesos de contaminación y tratamiento, como tema central de estudio

A multi-country analysis of COVID-19 hospitalizations by vaccination status

Background: Individuals vaccinated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), when infected, can still develop disease that requires hospitalization. It remains unclear whether these patients differ from hospitalized unvaccinated patients with regard to presentation, coexisting comorbidities, and outcomes. Methods: Here, we use data from an international consortium to study this question and assess whether differences between these groups are context specific. Data from 83,163 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (34,843 vaccinated, 48,320 unvaccinated) from 38 countries were analyzed. Findings: While typical symptoms were more often reported in unvaccinated patients, comorbidities, including some associated with worse prognosis in previous studies, were more common in vaccinated patients. Considerable between-country variation in both in-hospital fatality risk and vaccinated-versus-unvaccinated difference in this outcome was observed. Conclusions: These findings will inform allocation of healthcare resources in future surges as well as design of longer-term international studies to characterize changes in clinical profile of hospitalized COVID-19 patients related to vaccination history. Funding: This work was made possible by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and Wellcome (215091/Z/18/Z, 222410/Z/21/Z, 225288/Z/22/Z, and 220757/Z/20/Z); the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135); and the philanthropic support of the donors to the University of Oxford's COVID-19 Research Response Fund (0009109). Additional funders are listed in the "acknowledgments" section

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

International audienceBackground: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs).Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support.Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83-7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97-2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14-1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25-1.30]).Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable

Respiratory support in patients with severe COVID-19 in the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection (ISARIC) COVID-19 study: a prospective, multinational, observational study

Background: Up to 30% of hospitalised patients with COVID-19 require advanced respiratory support, including high-flow nasal cannulas (HFNC), non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), or invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, outcomes and risk factors for failing non-invasive respiratory support in patients treated with severe COVID-19 during the first two years of the pandemic in high-income countries (HICs) and low middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: This is a multinational, multicentre, prospective cohort study embedded in the ISARIC-WHO COVID-19 Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who required hospital admission were recruited prospectively. Patients treated with HFNC, NIV, or IMV within the first 24 h of hospital admission were included in this study. Descriptive statistics, random forest, and logistic regression analyses were used to describe clinical characteristics and compare clinical outcomes among patients treated with the different types of advanced respiratory support. Results: A total of 66,565 patients were included in this study. Overall, 82.6% of patients were treated in HIC, and 40.6% were admitted to the hospital during the first pandemic wave. During the first 24 h after hospital admission, patients in HICs were more frequently treated with HFNC (48.0%), followed by NIV (38.6%) and IMV (13.4%). In contrast, patients admitted in lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) were less frequently treated with HFNC (16.1%) and the majority received IMV (59.1%). The failure rate of non-invasive respiratory support (i.e. HFNC or NIV) was 15.5%, of which 71.2% were from HIC and 28.8% from LMIC. The variables most strongly associated with non-invasive ventilation failure, defined as progression to IMV, were high leukocyte counts at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 5.86 [4.83–7.10]), treatment in an LMIC (OR [95%CI]; 2.04 [1.97–2.11]), and tachypnoea at hospital admission (OR [95%CI]; 1.16 [1.14–1.18]). Patients who failed HFNC/NIV had a higher 28-day fatality ratio (OR [95%CI]; 1.27 [1.25–1.30]). Conclusions: In the present international cohort, the most frequently used advanced respiratory support was the HFNC. However, IMV was used more often in LMIC. Higher leucocyte count, tachypnoea, and treatment in LMIC were risk factors for HFNC/NIV failure. HFNC/NIV failure was related to worse clinical outcomes, such as 28-day mortality. Trial registration This is a prospective observational study; therefore, no health care interventions were applied to participants, and trial registration is not applicable