La prevención de la violencia en la pareja entre adolescentes a través del taller: la máscara del amor

En este proyecto de tesis doctoral se presenta un programa escolar de prevención de violencia de pareja entre adolescentes, dirigido a los últimos cursos de enseñanza obligatoria y a ambos sexos, llamado "la Máscara del Amor". Este programa pretende el abordaje tanto de la violencia común de pareja como de la violencia de género. La primera por su elevada prevalencia y la segunda, por las graves consecuencias y progresión que le caracteriza. Algunos autores consideran que entre el 43%-72% del total de las relaciones violentas entre adolescentes son violencia común de pareja (Bookwala, Frieze, Smith y Ryan, 1992). Iniciativas preventivas como éstas vienen justificadas por las elevadas tasas de prevalencia de violencia en el contexto de una relación amorosa entre adolescentes, especialmente, de abuso psicológico. Tasas que vienen reflejadas en esta tesis y que han sido extraídas a partir de estudios tanto en el extranjero como de ámbito nacional y que han resultado parejas a las halladas a partir de la muestra utilizada en este proyecto de tesis doctoral mediante un cuestionario creado ad hoc. En concreto, se ha hallado que un 36.9% de la muestra ha sido víctima de acoso, celos patológicos y control psicológico, y que un 21.8% ha tenido que ceder en sus derechos personales ante su pareja. Si atendemos a las diferencias entre sexos encontramos que los porcentajes de victimización son semejantes, si bien las chicas sufren más, de forma estadísticamente significativa, diferentes formas de abuso psicológico. Asimismo, el programa la Máscara del Amor se ha desarrollado tras una revisión exhaustiva de los programas escolares preventivos de violencia de pareja implementados en tanto en el extranjero como en España, y que se exponen a lo largo de este proyecto de tesis doctoral, para incorporar aquellos componentes que han sido prometedores y desechar los que han resultado ineficaces. Del mismo modo, el programa también se ha desarrollado atendiendo a aquellos factores de riesgo de victimización susceptibles de ser modificados y que la investigación ha revelado como mejores predictores de la violencia de pareja entre adolescentes. Estos mencionados factores de riesgo de victimización así como de perpetración para involucrarse en relaciones abusivas se exponen a lo largo de este proyecto de tesis doctoral. Las metas que persigue esta iniciativa preventiva son tanto la prevención de involucrarse en relaciones abusivas como la promoción de las relaciones de pareja saludables. Asimismo, los objetivos intermedios para alcanzar dichas metas son: dotar con conocimientos sobre la dinámica de una relación de abuso, poniendo especial hincapié en la identificación del abuso psicológico; favorecer el desarrollo de un autoconcepto intolerante con la violencia; favorecer el autoconocimiento e identificación de sus necesidades afectivas y valores con el fin de propiciar una elección de pareja más certera y satisfactoria; movilizar el cambio actitudinal en lo que a justificación de la violencia de pareja se refiere; identificar y reestructurar los mitos del amor romántico presentes en sus expectativas de relación de pareja; conocer las características de las parejas agresoras y sus mecanismos de justificación de la violencia y desarrollar aquellas habilidades sociales, de resolución de conflictos, de identificación y expresión emocional, así como favorecer la apropiación de los derechos asertivos en el contexto de la relación afectiva. Todo ello, a través de una metodología interactiva, y que persigue que el alumnado desarrolle un papel activo, favoreciendo su introspección y maduración de los contenidos trabajados, en definitiva, propiciando una actitud proactiva en lo que a las relaciones afectivas se refiere, así como posibilitando la promoción de las relaciones saludables, respetuosas e igualitarias entre ambos sexos en el aula. Este proyecto de tesis doctoral presenta resultados de eficacia del mencionado programa donde se pone de manifiesto que sistemáticamente, y a lo largo de cuatro años de implementación tanto en el archipiélago canario como en la ciudad de Valencia y su provincia, el alumnado participante ha aumentado en conocimientos respecto a la dinámica de una relación de abuso y desarrollado una actitud intolerante con la violencia. Esta eficacia se ha demostrado a partir de un diseño pretest- postest con grupo control y de un instrumento creado ad hoc, del cual se han comprobado sus propiedades psicométricas a partir de la muestra de la investigación. Asimismo, se ha puesto de manifiesto la elevada satisfacción con respecto a este programa tanto del profesorado que lo ha implementado como del alumnado. Además, se ha puesto de manifiesto una mejora en las habilidades sociales del alumnado participante como la relativa a la autoexpresión en situaciones sociales, habilidades evaluadas a partir de un cuestionario estandarizado. Finalmente, este proyecto de tesis doctoral presenta tanto implicaciones de los resultados recabados como sugerencias de mejora para futuras líneas de investigación.This doctoral thesis project presents an educational curriculum for the prevention of dating violence among teenagers called "Mask of Love" [La Máscara del Amor], aimed at students of both sexes in their last years of compulsory education. This curriculum attempts to deal with both common couple violence and gender-based violence. The first due to its high prevalence and the latter to the serious consequences. According to some authors, 43%-72% of violent teen dating relationships can be considered as common couple violence (Bookwala, Frieze, Smith and Ryan, 1992). These preventive initiatives are justified due to the high prevalence rates of violence within the context of a teen dating relationship, particularly of psychological abuse. The rates depicted in this thesis have been drawn from both international and Spanish studies and match those rates from the sample used in this doctoral thesis project through an ad hoc questionnaire. Specifically, it was found out that 36.9% of the sample was subjected to harassment, pathological jealousy and psychological control, and that 21.8% had to give up their personal rights for their partner. However, if we look at gender differences, one can found out that victimization rates are similar, although girls suffer statistically more various ways of psychological abuse. Besides, the Mask of Love program has been developed after an exhaustive review of the educational curricula for the prevention of dating violence among teenagers implemented both abroad and in Spain, and which are described in this PhD project with a view to including favourable features and discarding the inefficient ones. Similarly, this curriculum has also been developed considering those risk factors of victimization that may vary and which according to our research seem to be the most efficient predictors of teen dating violence. Above mentioned risk factors of victimization and of perpetration for involvement in abusive relationships are presented along this doctoral project. The goals pursued by this preventive initiative are both prevention of involvement in abusive relationships and promotion of healthy dating relationships. Besides, the intermediate targets to achieve said goals are: to provide an insight into the dynamics of an abusive relationship, placing a special emphasis on the identification of psychological abuse; to foster the development of an intolerant self-concept of violence; to encourage self-awareness and identification of emotional needs and values with a view to facilitating the choice of a more matching and satisfactory partner; to mobilize a change of attitude with regard to justification of violence; to identify and restructure the myths of romantic love expected in a relationship; to be aware of the characteristics of abusive partners and of their mechanisms for justifying violence and to develop those social skills and abilities for conflict resolution, identification and emotional expression, and to foster the appropriation of assertive rights within the context of an affective relationship. All this through an interactive methodology, pursuing the development of an active role of students, encouraging their introspection and the maturing of studied contents; in other words, fostering a proactive attitude with regard to emotional relationships and enabling the promotion of healthy, respectful and egalitarian relationships between students of both sexes at school. This doctoral thesis project presents efficient results of said program showing that systematically, and after four years of implementation in the Canary Islands and the city of Valencia and its province, the participating students have increased their knowledge with regard to the dynamics of an abusive relationship and developed an intolerant attitude towards violence. This efficacy has been demonstrated from a pretest-postest design with a control group and an instrument created ad hoc, whose psychometric characteristics have been checked from the research sample. It has been also revealed a high degree of satisfaction with the program both among the teachers implementing said program and the students. Furthermore, an improvement of the social skills in participating students has been demonstrated such as self-expression in social situations, where such skills have been assessed from a standardized questionnaire. Finally, this doctoral thesis project includes implications of the results collected and suggestions for improvement for future researches

EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y SOCIEDAD. SABERES LOCALES PARA EL DESARROLLO Y LA SUSTENTABILIDAD

Este texto contribuye al análisis científico de varias áreas del conocimiento como la filosofía social, la patología, la educación para el cuidado del medio ambiente y la sustentabilidad que inciden en diversas unidades de aprendizaje de la Licenciatura en Educación para la Salud y de la Maestría en Sociología de la SaludLas comunidades indígenas de la sierra norte de Oaxaca México, habitan un territorio extenso de biodiversidad. Sin que sea una área protegida y sustentable, la propia naturaleza de la región ofrece a sus visitantes la riqueza de la vegetación caracterizada por sus especies endémicas que componen un paisaje de suma belleza

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background: Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5-19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI &lt;18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For school-aged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI &lt;2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI &gt;2 SD above the median). Findings: From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation: The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesity. Funding: UK Medical Research Council, UK Research and Innovation (Research England), UK Research and Innovation (Innovate UK), and European Union