Validation of the Lower Tagus Valley velocity and structural model using ambient noise broadband measurements

Along his history the Lower Tagus Valley (LTV) region was shaken by several earthquakes, some of them were produced in large ruptures of offshore structures located southwest of the Portuguese coastline, among these we the Lisbon earthquake of 1 November 1755; other moderates earthquakes were produced by local sources such as the 1344, 1531 and the 1909 Benavente earthquake. In order to promote an improved assessment of the seismic hazard in this region, we propose the introduction of realistic methods on the prediction of ground motion produced by moderate to large earthquakes in LTV. This process involves the establishment of a structural 3D model based on all the available geophysical and geotechnical data on the area (seismic, gravimetric, deep wells and geological outcrops) and the determination of wave propagation from a finite difference method: by applying the E3D program [1,2]. To confirm this model we use broadband ambient noise measurements collected in two profiles with azimuth perpendicular to the basin axis and we applied the horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratio method [3] to the recordings in order to estimate the amplification of the basin. The H/V curves obtained reveals the existence of two low frequency peaks centered on 0.2 a 1 Hz frequencies[4]. These peaks are strongly related with the thickness of Cenozoic and alluvial sediments. By inversion of the H/V curve, we obtain a more detailed velocity model for the region where the profile were determined, which is in good agreement with borehole data and other results obtained with magnetic and seismic reflection methods

Sobre a aplicação do georadar em pontes

A reabilitação de pontes vem crescendo com a deterioração das pontes existentes e a sua necessária conservação mas, igualmente, a sua adaptação a novas cargas e aumento de tráfego. Este tipo de trabalhos requer técnicas e ensaios específicos, que permitam obter informação sobre e para o projecto, frequentemente inexistente ou incorrecto, de maneira totalmente não destrutiva e sem necessidade de impedir o trânsito. O georadar adapta-se perfeitamente a esses requisitos, sendo uma ferramenta essencial para o diagnóstico e a recolha de informações em pontes de betão armado e alvenaria. Este permite obter informação sobre a geometria e a armadura em pontes de maneira rápida e eficiente

Evaluation of the compressive strength of ancient clay bricks using microdrilling

Nondestructive testing techniques are increasingly being used to obtain the geometry of structural and nonstructural elements and hidden features such as voids, cracks, and detachments. However, the evaluation of the compressive strength and other mechanical properties of ancient materials using such techniques remains a challenge. To reliably assess mechanical properties, it is usually necessary to directly test the strength and deformation of materials by destructive methods. To avoid coring and sampling of the historic fabric, a recent minor-destructive methodology based in microdrilling is used in this paper for the characterization of clay brick. For this purpose, 148 brick specimens from the 12th to 19th centuries were collected from six monasteries in Portugal. A wide range of compressive strength was found by destructive compressive testing, ranging from 6.7 to 21.8 N/mm2. The paper shows that it is possible to reliably estimate the compressive strength of bricks by means of regression curves using the adopted microdrilling technique.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI SFRH/BD/6409/2001.Instituto Português do Património Arquitectónico (IPPAR

Aplicações do georadar na reabilitação e detecção de anomalias

O georadar é uma técnica de inspecção não destrutiva baseada na emissão de ondas electromagnéticas, através do solo e em materiais de construção, e na recepção das reflexões originadas por objectos e camadas de materiais distintos. A gama de aplicações é muito vasta, sendo utilizada na inspecção de materiais diversos. Várias antenas permitem a sua aplicação na resolução de problemas de natureza muito diversificada, desde aplicações estruturais a geotécnicas, sendo esta última a aplicação que lhe deu o nome. A utilização do georadar na engenharia estrutural é relativamente recente. Em Portugal, o georadar tem sido aplicado muito recentemente na resolução de problemas estruturais e na prospecção de infra-estruturas enterradas. Neste artigo, descrevem-se algumas dessas aplicações, com o objectivo de demonstrar as capacidades desta metodologia, as suas vantagens e limitações e a importância dos resultados obtidos. Os resultados demonstram que o georadar é adequado na detecção de armadura e barras de pré-esforço a profundidades elevadas (> 5 cm), na detecção de cabos eléctricos, na determinação da geometria em estruturas de alvenaria e na detecção de humidade.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - bolsa de investigação POCTI SFRH/BPD/26706/200

Estado da arte sobre tijolos antigos

A prática moderna na conservação de edifícios históricos é uma tarefa complexa, que requer um diagnóstico profundo e cuidadoso. A investigação preliminar é essencial afim de intervir correctamente. A recolha de informação apropriada sobre o edifício e a avaliação das propriedades mecânicas dos materiais são fundamentais. No entanto, a avaliação das propriedades dos materiais é difícil devido à complexidade dos materiais antigos. É ainda imprescindível conhecer o estado de conservação da estrutura, a extensão dos danos, a ocorrência de humidades, a geometria e características escondidas tais como vazios, fendas e destacamentos. Assim, com o intuito de aumentar o conhecimento sobre materiais de construção antigos utilizados em Portugal, foi efectuada a caracterização de tijolos cerâmicos provenientes de seis mosteiros Portugueses do século XII a XIX. Os resultados mostraram uma grande dispersão, evidenciando as seguintes características: porosidade e sucção elevadas e baixa resistência à compressão. A composição química indica igualmente que estes tijolos não foram fabricados com o mesmo tipo de matéria-prima que os artefactos antigos de cerâmica. A estes resultados foram adicionados os resultados duma pesquisa sobre tijolos cerâmicos utilizados em monumentos espalhados por todo o mundo e de diversas épocas.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - POCTI SFRH/BPD/26706/200

The (1+(λ,λ))(1+(\lambda,\lambda)) Genetic Algorithm for Permutations

The $(1+(\lambda,\lambda))$ genetic algorithm is a bright example of an evolutionary algorithm which was developed based on the insights from theoretical findings. This algorithm uses crossover, and it was shown to asymptotically outperform all mutation-based evolutionary algorithms even on simple problems like OneMax. Subsequently it was studied on a number of other problems, but all of these were pseudo-Boolean. We aim at improving this situation by proposing an adaptation of the $(1+(\lambda,\lambda))$ genetic algorithm to permutation-based problems. Such an adaptation is required, because permutations are noticeably different from bit strings in some key aspects, such as the number of possible mutations and their mutual dependence. We also present the first runtime analysis of this algorithm on a permutation-based problem called Ham whose properties resemble those of OneMax. On this problem, where the simple mutation-based algorithms have the running time of $\Theta(n^2 \log n)$ for problem size $n$, the $(1+(\lambda,\lambda))$ genetic algorithm finds the optimum in $O(n^2)$ fitness queries. We augment this analysis with experiments, which show that this algorithm is also fast in practice.Comment: This contribution is a slightly extended version of the paper accepted to the GECCO 2020 workshop on permutation-based problem

Ancient clay bricks: manufacture and properties

The physical, mechanical and chemical properties of ancient fired clay bricks are addressed. A literature survey is carried out and samples of old Portuguese bricks dated from the 12th to 18th centuries are considered. A high porosity (15-40 %) and water absorption (10-20 %) is found. The suction rate can be rather high (up to 0.35 g/cm2/min), while the specific mass is low (1,500 to 1,800 kg/m3). The compressive strength shows a huge scattering with frequent values ranging from 1.5 to 30 N/mm2. In general, raw clays used in old clay bricks seem to have some consistency with respect to proportion of the main chemical constituents, while bricks of the same origin generally exhibit a strong chemical similarity. Finally, it is shown that a minor-destructive test (microdrilling) allows to adequately assess the compressive strength of old clay bricks, using appropriate correlations

Improving the Knowledge on Seismogenic Sources in the Lower Tagus Valley for Seismic Hazard Purposes

The Lower Tagus Valley, that includes the metropolitan area of Lisbon, has been struck by several earthquakes which produced significant material damage and loss of lives. Their exact location remains unknown. Our goal is to shed some light into the seismogenic sources in the area using seismic reflection and geological data. In areas with no seismic coverage, potential-field data interpretation was carried out. Seismicity was overlaid to the potential seismogenic structures and high-resolution data was acquired in order to confirm which structures have been active into the Quaternary. Three major fault-zones affecting the Neogene were identified: V. F. Xira, Samora-Alcochete and Pinhal Novo. For the first fault, strong evidences suggest it is active. The other two fault-zones and other structures previously unknown can be correlated with several epicentres. Empirical relationships between maximum moment magnitude and fault area indicate that MW > 6.5 earthquakes can be expected for the larger structures

Patrones de comportamiento y alimentación del mono aullador Alouatta belzebul en zonas de selva talada y sin talar del este de la Amazonia

This work compared the activity patterns and diet of a group of Alouatta belzebul in areas of logged and unlogged forest in eastern Amazonia. An instantaneous scan sampling procedure was used for the behavioral study (9.3 ± 1.9 complete observation days/month) from February to November 2000. Fruit availability was estimated monthly. Activity budgets were not significantly different between sites. Rest was the predominant activity in both sites (53.6 % and 48.7 %, respectively). Average daily path length was 683.5 ± 215.1 m (n = 93), and the home range was 17.8 ha, including 7 ha in unlogged forest and 10.8 ha in the logged forest. Neither fruit availability nor diet varied significantly between sites. The diet was predominantly folivorous (43.4 % and 46.6 % in unlogged and logged forest, respectively) and frugivorous (43.9 % and 42.8 %). The spatial use by the group was positively related to fruit sources. This study documented the ability of a ranging group of A. belzebul to survive in a habitat influenced by reduced impact logging without dramatically influencing its activity patterns and diet.En este trabajo se comparan los patrones de comportamiento y alimentación de un grupo de Alouatta belzebul en zonas de selva deforestada y sin deforestar del este de la Amazonia. Para el estudio del comportamiento se utilizó un muestreo de barrido temporal instantáneo (observación completa durante 9,3 ± 1,9 meses/días) entre los meses de febrero y noviembre de 2000. La disponibilidad de fruta se calculó mensualmente. Las actividades realizadas no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguna de las dos ubicaciones. El descanso fue la actividad predominante en ambas, 53,6 % y 48.7 % respectivamente. La media de la longitud de los recorridos diarios era de 683,5 ± 215,1 m (n = 93) y el área de acción era de de 17,8 hectáreas, incluyendo 7 hectáreas de selva sin talar y 10,8 hectáreas de bosques talados. Ni la disponibilidad de fruta ni la dieta variaron significativamente entre las zonas. La dieta era eminentemente folívora (43,4 % y 46,6 % en las zonas de selva sin talar y deforestada, respectivamente) y frugívora (43,9 % y 42,8 %). El uso que el grupo hacía del espacio estaba relacionado de manera positiva con las fuentes de suministro de frutas. En este estudio se ha documentado la habilidad de un grupo de A. belzebul en libertad para sobrevivir en un hábitat afectado por una tala de impacto reducido sin que ello afectase dramáticamente a sus patrones de comportamiento y alimentación