Day Nurseries in Europe in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: The Challenge of the Transnational Approach

none1noThe aim of this article is to present the French model of day nurseries – known as Crèches – their evolution, and their transfer to some European countries, from their beginnings until the end of the nineteen thirties. This article is divided into four parts. The introduction presents the peculiarities of the methodological approach chosen here, which combines a comparative and transnational methodology demonstrating the heuristic challenge for the study of a relatively recent institution with regard to school history. The second part presents the French model of the Crèche and its evolution in France as a medical-pedagogical institution. The third and fourth parts deal with the transfer of the model to two countries, Italy and Russia, which despite their very different political and social contexts, were among the first European countries to transpose the French model, because of the seriousness of the phenomenon of abandonment and the problem of infant mortality. Key words: History of early education; crèche; childcare; France, Italy, Russia; Trasnationalism; XIX–XX century.mixedDorena CaroliDorena Carol

Practice of proctology among general surgery residents and young specialists in Italy: a snapshot survey

Anal diseases are very common and, in most of the cases, require surgery of minor or medium complexity, and, therefore, are among the most accessible diseases for surgeons in training. Aim of this study is to investigate the status of the training in proctology in Italy. A 31-items questionnaire was administered to residents and young specialists (<= 2 years) in general surgery, using mailing lists, and the social media accounts of the Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery. Answers from 338 respondents (53.8% males) were included in the final analysis. Overall, 252 respondents (74.5%) were residents and 86 (25.5%) young specialists. Two hundred and fifty-five (75.4%) respondents practiced proctology for the first time early on during their postgraduate training, but only 19.5% did it continuously for >= 24 months. Almost all respondents (334; 98.8%) had the chance to participate in proctological procedures, 205 (60.5%) as first surgeon. This percentage decreases according to the complexity of the surgery. In fact, only 11 (3.3%) and 24 (7.1%) of the respondents were allowed to be the first surgeon in more complex proctological diseases such as surgery for rectal prolapse and fecal incontinence. The present survey suggests that, in Italy, most surgeons in training deal with anal diseases. However, only few of them could achieve sufficient professional skills in the management of proctological diseases to be able to practice autonomously as young specialists