Respite and repair: how mothers of incarcerated long-term problematic drug users make prison work for them

This article considers the way a group of mothers experienced the incarceration of their problematic drug using offspring. The offspring had been imprisoned for a range of offences including theft, burglary and drug dealing with the root cause of their incarceration being connected to their long-term problematic drug use. Much of the existing literature on imprisonment identifies the separation of offenders from their family as a source of strain both for the offender and the family, with separation being one of the pains of imprisonment described in the literature. However, in contrast to this, the evidence gathered during the research that this article is based upon, highlights how the mothers of problematic drug users sought to use the periods of time their offspring were in prison as respite from their difficult and time-consuming caring responsibilities. Furthermore, the time their offspring were incarcerated was used to repair fractured relationships

Researching difficult-to-reach and vulnerable groups using grounded theory methods

This case study describes a research project that used grounded theory methods. The aim of this research was to develop new knowledge about how parents experience their offspring’s problematic drug use. Unstructured interviews were used during the data-gathering phase of the research, and data were collected in two distinct periods. The case study is divided into four sections. Section 1 outlines the approaches used to find and recruit research participants. This section also describes how I engaged with the participants in ways that I hoped would encourage participation and build a rapport. Section 2 outlines significant life events that some of the research participants experienced and the importance of working sensitively with vulnerable participants and how this can contribute to your research endeavor. This section also highlights some of the ethical issues that need to be negotiated during the fieldwork phase of a research project. Section 3 describes the methods used during the data collection and data analysis stages of the project. The processes involved are broken down with each stage being explained. The process is presented as a linear model; however, in grounded theory, it is possible to move back and forth between stages, and the benefits this may bring are explained in this section. Finally, Section 4 offers a reflexive account of the research journey. Reflexivity is an important aspect of qualitative research and this section highlights why it is important

Secant varieties of P^2 x P^n embedded by O(1,2)

We describe the defining ideal of the rth secant variety of P^2 x P^n embedded by O(1,2), for arbitrary n and r at most 5. We also present the Schur module decomposition of the space of generators of each such ideal. Our main results are based on a more general construction for producing explicit matrix equations that vanish on secant varieties of products of projective spaces. This extends previous work of Strassen and Ottaviani.Comment: 21 page

Where do all the spoons go? : perceptions of parents of adult heroin users

[From the introduction]:Research aims and objectivesThis thesis aims to discover what sorts of tensions (if any) were created for parents when their problematic drug using adult offspring were mandated into drug treatment programmes in the community, and when their offspring engaged with treatment in the prison setting. In addition, this research aims to develop an understanding about whether or not these types of intervention were welcomed by parents as a positive development towards addressing the problematic drug use of their offspring. Alternatively, did the involvement of the criminal justice system in drug treatment lead to additional or different difficulties for the parents? The objectives of the research are to analyse and interpret how the research participants (the parents of problematic drug users) experience the involvement of the criminal justice system in treating the problematic drug use of their offspring.This research does not consider whether or not the involvement of families in the treatment process of problematic drug users is effective, but rather this research investigates the application of policies that seek to involve parents in the treatment journey of problematic drug users. Moreover, this study does not attempt to offer an explanation for problematic drug use, or offer suggestions about how to encourage the parents of problematic drug users to become involved in the treatment process, or what alternatives exist for those without parents

Supporting students to use social media and comply with professional standards

Student social workers live in a world where sharing of information seems to be straightforward and unproblematic. However, data sharing is a contentious issue in practice that raises ethical issues. There is a focus on this aspect of practice in social work education particularly in the context of data storage, confidentiality and multi-disciplinary work. There have been examples of qualified workers being sanctioned by the Health Care Professions Council for breaching professional standards related to inappropriate use of social media. Understanding the advantages and potential pitfalls of social media is crucial for social workers. The aim of this research was to develop an understanding about how student social workers use social media during their time at university as a tool for continuing professional development whilst balancing the need to present a professional persona. This paper reports on four themes that emerged from a study that considered social media and social work training: Changing/securing profiles; using social media to support learning and development; university support; replicating earlier behaviour in the professional setting. The findings suggest student social workers are ambivalent about the use of social media both during training and as a way to support ongoing development beyond the university setting.

Food choice by people with intellectual disabilities at day centres: A qualitative study

People with intellectual disabilities experience a range of health inequalities. It is important to investigate possible contributory factors that may lead to these inequalities. This qualitative study identified some difficulties for healthy eating in day centres. (1) Service users and their family carers were aware of healthy food choices but framed these as diets for weight loss rather than as everyday eating. (2) Paid carers and managers regarded the principle of service user autonomy and choice as paramount, which meant that they felt limited in their capacity to influence food choices, which they attributed to the home environment. (3) Carers used food as a treat, a reward and for social bonding with service users. (4) Service users’ food choices modelled other service users’ and carers’ choices at the time. It is suggested that healthy eating should be made more of a priority in day care, with a view to promoting exemplarily behaviour that might influence food choice at home

Stuffing down feelings: Bereavement, anxiety and emotional detachment in the life stories of people with eating disorders

This study aimed to explore the life stories of people with eating disorders (EDs) in order to better understand possible contributing factors to their development. It used a qualitative Life Story method, in order to reduce the tendency to focus on the negative in the lives of people with EDs. Sixteen people in contact with an EDs charity participated. Data were analysed using a thematic analysis. Despite the attempt to elicit both positive and negative information, most themes from the life stories were negative. Here, the focus is on the three most common themes reported, which are less often reported in previous research: (a) substantial bereavement and loss; (b) major issues with anxiety and (c) difficulties coping with emotions. A model is proposed whereby major losses and the resultant anxiety can lead to emotional deadening and ‘stuffing down feelings’ with food, leading on to an ED. This model implies that interventions need to consider psychological factors in an ED, especially the use of it as a dysfunctional coping strategy, as well as the behavioural and physiological aspects of an ED

Eigenvectors of tensors and algorithms for Waring decomposition

A Waring decomposition of a (homogeneous) polynomial f is a minimal sum of powers of linear forms expressing f. Under certain conditions, such a decomposition is unique. We discuss some algorithms to compute the Waring decomposition, which are linked to the equation of certain secant varieties and to eigenvectors of tensors. In particular we explicitly decompose a general cubic polynomial in three variables as the sum of five cubes (Sylvester Pentahedral Theorem).Comment: 32 pages; three Macaulay2 files as ancillary files. Revised with referee's suggestions. Accepted JS

Episodic fluid venting from sedimentary basins fuelled by pressurised mudstones

Subsurface sandstone reservoirs sealed by overlying, low-permeability layers provide capacity for long-term sequestration of anthropogenic waste. Leakage can occur if reservoir pressures rise sufficiently to fracture the seal. Such pressures can be generated within the reservoir by vigorous injection of waste or, over thousands of years, by natural processes. In either case, the precise role of intercalated mudstones in the long-term evolution of reservoir pressure remains unclear; these layers have variously been viewed as seals, as pressure sinks, or as pressure sources. Here, we use the geological record of episodic fluid venting in the Levant Basin to provide striking evidence for the pressure-source hypothesis. We use a Bayesian framework to combine recently published venting data, which record critical subsurface pressures since ∼2 Ma, with a stochastic model of pressure evolution to infer a pressure-recharge rate of ∼30 MPa/Myr. To explain this large rate, we quantify and compare a range of candidate mechanisms. We find that poroelastic pressure diffusion from mudstones provides the most plausible explanation for these observations, amplifying the ∼3 MPa/Myr recharge caused primarily by tectonic compression. Since pressurized mudstones are ubiquitous in sedimentary basins, pressure diffusion from mudstones is likely to promote seal failure globally

Episodic, compression-driven fluid venting in layered sedimentary basins

Fluid venting phenomena are prevalent in sedimentary basins globally. Offshore, these localised fluid-expulsion events are archived in the geologic record via the resulting pockmarks at the sea-floor. Venting is widely interpreted to occur via hydraulic fracturing, which requires near-lithostatic pore pressures for initiation. One common driver for these extreme pressures is horizontal tectonic compression, which pressurises the entire sedimentary column over a wide region. Fluid expulsion leads to a sudden, local relief of this pressure, which then gradually recharges through continued compression, leading to episodic venting. Pressure recharge will also occur through pressure diffusion from neighboring regions that remain pressurised, but the combined role of compression and pressure diffusion in episodic venting has not previously been considered. Here, we develop a novel poroelastic model for episodic, compression-driven venting. We show that compression and pressure diffusion together set the resulting venting period. We derive a simple analytical expression for this venting period, demonstrating that pressure diffusion can significantly reduce the venting period associated with a given rate of compression and allowing this rate of compression to be inferred from observations of episodic venting. Our results indicate that pressure diffusion is a major contributor to episodic fluid venting in mudstone-dominated basins