Socioeconomic inequalities in physical, psychological, and cognitive multimorbidity in middle-aged and older adults in 33 countries: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Many physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders are highly clustered among populations with low socioeconomic status. However, the extent to which socioeconomic status is associated with different combinations of these disorders is unclear, particularly outside high-income countries. We aimed to evaluate these associations in 33 countries including high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and one lower-middle-income country. METHODS: This cross-sectional multi-region study pooled individual-level data from seven studies on ageing between 2017 and 2020. Education and total household wealth were used to measure socioeconomic status. Physical disorder was defined as having one or more of the self-reported chronic conditions. Psychological and cognitive disorders were measured by study-specific instruments. The outcome included eight categories: no disorders, physical disorder, psychological disorder, cognitive disorder, and their four combinations. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs for the associations of socioeconomic status with these outcomes separately for high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and the lower-middle-income country. FINDINGS: Among 167 376 individuals aged 45 years and older, the prevalence of multimorbidity was 24·5% in high-income countries, 33·9% in upper-middle-income countries, and 8·1% in the lower-middle-income country (India). Lower levels of education, household wealth, and a combined socioeconomic status score were strongly associated with physical, psychological, and cognitive multimorbidity in high-income countries and upper-middle-income countries, with ORs (low vs high socioeconomic status) for physical–psychological–cognitive multimorbidity of 12·36 (95% CI 10·29–14·85; p<0·0001) in high-income countries and of 23·84 (18·85–30·14; p<0·0001) in upper-middle-income countries. The associations in the lower-middle-income country were mixed. Participants with both a low level of education and low household wealth had the highest odds of multimorbidity (eg, OR for physical-psychological–cognitive multimorbidity 21·21 [15·95–28·19; p<0·0001] in high-income countries, 37·07 [25·66–53·56; p<0·0001] in upper-middle-income countries, and 54·96 [7·66–394·38; p<0·0001] in the lower-middle-income country). INTERPRETATION: In study populations from high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and the lower-middle-income country, the odds of multimorbidity, which included physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders, were more than ten times greater in individuals with low socioeconomic status. Equity-oriented policies and programmes that reduce social inequalities in multimorbidity are urgently needed to achieve Sustainable Development Goals. FUNDING: Zhejiang University, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Preventive Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Wellcome Trust, Medical Research Council, National Institute on Aging, and Academy of Finland. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section

Interface dynamics in Hele-Shaw flows with centrifugal forces. Preventing cusp singularities with rotation

A class of exact solutions of Hele-Shaw flows without surface tension in a rotating cell is reported. We show that the interplay between injection and rotation modifies drastically the scenario of formation of finite-time cusp singularities. For a subclass of solutions, we show that, for any given initial condition, there exists a critical rotation rate above which cusp formation is prevented. We also find an exact sufficient condition to avoid cusps simultaneously for all initial conditions. This condition admits a simple interpretation related to the linear stability problem.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Measurements of the vertical fluxes of atomic Fe and Na at the mesopause: implications for the velocity of cosmic dust entering the atmosphere

The downward fluxes of Fe and Na, measured near the mesopause with the University of Colorado lidars near Boulder, and a chemical ablation model developed at the University of Leeds, are used to constrain the velocity/mass distribution of the meteoroids entering the atmosphere and to derive an improved estimate for the global influx of cosmic dust. We find that the particles responsible for injecting a large fraction of the ablated material into the Earth's upper atmosphere enter at relatively slow speeds and originate primarily from the Jupiter Family of Comets. The global mean Na influx is 17,200 ± 2800 atoms/cm2/s, which equals 298 ± 47 kg/d for the global input of Na vapor and 150 ± 38 t/d for the global influx of cosmic dust. The global mean Fe influx is 102,000 ± 18,000 atoms/cm2/s, which equals 4.29 ± 0.75 t/d for the global input of Fe vapor

Efecto de pretratamientos desvulcanizantes y de aditivos en materiales compuestos con matriz de HDPE y neumáticos fuera de uso

La gestión de los neumáticos al final de su ciclo de vidaprecisa soluciones para potenciar su reutilización y reciclado.Un paso previo consiste en la pulverización de losneumáticos por parte de empresas especializadas. La incorporaciónde este granulado como refuerzo en matricestermoplásticas se ha propuesto como método de valorizacióndel polvo de neumático. Este sistema se ve limitadopor la incompatibilidad entre matriz y refuerzo. Recientemente,un nuevo polvo de neumático, denominado comercialmente “desvulcanizado” ha aparecido en el mercado.En este artículo se comparan materiales compuestosformulados con polvo de neumático desvulcanizado conlos obtenidos con el mismo material sin tratamiento enmatriz de polietileno de alta densidad. También se estudiael efecto de distintos métodos de mezclado, del uso deaditivos dispersantes y del tamaño de partícula

Behavioral modeling of integrated phase-change photonic devices for neuromorphic computing applications

This is the final version. Available from AIP Publishing via the DOI in this record. The combination of phase-change materials and integrated photonics has led to the development of new forms of all-optical devices, includingphotonic memories, arithmetic and logic processors, and synaptic and neuronal mimics. Such devices can be readily fabricated into photonicintegrated circuits, so potentially delivering large-scale all-optical arithmetic-logic units and neuromorphic processing chips. To facilitate inthe design and optimization of such large-scale systems, and to aid in the understanding of device and system performance, fast yet accuratecomputer models are needed. Here, we describe the development of a behavioral modeling tool that meets such requirements, being capableof essentially instantaneous modeling of the write, erase, and readout performance of various integrated phase-change photonic devices,including those for synaptic and neuronal mimics.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)European Commissio

A behavioural model for integrated phase-change photonics

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from the European Phase Change and Ovonics Symposium via the link in this recordThe use of phase-change materials in integrated photonics applications has enabled the development of new types of all-optical devices, including multilevel photonic memories, arithmetic and logic processors and synaptic and neuron mimics. In order to design, optimise and understand the performance of large-scale systems, fast and accurate material and device models are needed. Here we present a behavioural model for phase-change photonic devices that can simulate the write, erase and readout operations in timespans compatible with system level performance evaluation.European Union Horizon 2020Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC

Experimental investigation of silicon and silicon nitride platforms for phase-change photonic in-memory computing

Advances in artificial intelligence have greatly increased demand for data-intensive computing. Integrated photonics is a promising approach to meet this demand in big-data processing due to its potential for wide bandwidth, high speed, low latency, and low-energy computing. Photonic computing using phase-change materials combines the benefits of integrated photonics and co-located data storage, which of late has evolved rapidly as an emerging area of interest. In spite of rapid advances of demonstrations in this field on both silicon and silicon nitride platforms, a clear pathway towards choosing between the two has been lacking. In this paper, we systematically evaluate and compare computation performance of phase-change photonics on a silicon platform and a silicon nitride platform. Our experimental results show that while silicon platforms are superior to silicon nitride in terms of potential for integration, modulation speed, and device footprint, they require trade-offs in terms of energy efficiency.We then successfully demonstrate single-pulse modulation using phase-change optical memory on silicon photonic waveguides and demonstrate efficient programming, memory retention, and readout of 4 bits of data per cell.Our approach paves the way for in-memory computing on the silicon photonic platform

Photo-astrometric distances, extinctions, and astrophysical parameters for Gaia DR2 stars brighter than G = 18

Combining the precise parallaxes and optical photometry delivered by Gaia's second data release (Gaia DR2) with the photometric catalogues of PanSTARRS-1, 2MASS, and AllWISE, we derive Bayesian stellar parameters, distances, and extinctions for 265 million stars brighter than G=18. Because of the wide wavelength range used, our results substantially improve the accuracy and precision of previous extinction and effective temperature estimates. After cleaning our results for both unreliable input and output data, we retain 137 million stars, for which we achieve a median precision of 5% in distance, 0.20 mag in V-band extinction, and 245 K in effective temperature for G<14, degrading towards fainter magnitudes (12%, 0.20 mag, and 245 K at G=16; 16%, 0.23 mag, and 260 K at G=17, respectively). We find a very good agreement with the asteroseismic surface gravities and distances of 7000 stars in the Kepler, the K2-C3, and the K2-C6 fields, with stellar parameters from the APOGEE survey, as well as with distances to star clusters. Our results are available through the ADQL query interface of the Gaia mirror at the Leibniz-Institut f\"{u}r Astrophysik Potsdam (gaia.aip.de) and as binary tables at data.aip.de. As a first application, in this paper we provide distance- and extinction-corrected colour-magnitude diagrams, extinction maps as a function of distance, and extensive density maps, demonstrating the potential of our value-added dataset for mapping the three-dimensional structure of our Galaxy. In particular, we see a clear manifestation of the Galactic bar in the stellar density distributions, an observation that can almost be considered a direct imaging of the Galactic bar.Comment: 25 pages, 23 figures + appendix, accepted for publication in A&A. Data (doi:10.17876/gaia/dr.2/51) are available through ADQL queries at gaia.aip.d