23 research outputs found

    Study of the complete amplified and single-fragment sequenced genomes of circulating hepatitis B and Delta viruses in infected patients : development and applications

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    Le Virus de l’HĂ©patite B (VHB) infecte chroniquement plus de 250 millions d’individus dans le monde, prĂ©sentant alors un risque accru de dĂ©velopper des pathologies hĂ©patiques sĂ©vĂšres comme la cirrhose ou le carcinome hĂ©patocellulaire, deuxiĂšme cancer le plus meurtrier dans le monde. La co-infection par le virus de l’hĂ©patite Delta (VHD) est un facteur aggravant. Selon les derniĂšres estimations de l’OMS, 12 millions de personnes seraient coinfectĂ©es. L’infection par VHD n’est pas sensible aux traitements anti-VHB et le taux de rĂ©ponse Ă  l’IFNα est infĂ©rieur Ă  25 %. De nouvelles stratĂ©gies thĂ©rapeutiques se situant Ă  l’interface entre ces deux virus et l’hĂŽte, sans directement cibler le VHD, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Le bulĂ©virtide, inhibiteur d’entrĂ©e, a obtenu son autorisation de mise sur le marchĂ© en septembre 2020. Dans ce contexte, la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique de l’intĂ©gralitĂ© du gĂ©nome de ces deux virus est un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel pour une meilleure comprĂ©hension de la physiopathologie et de la rĂ©ponse aux traitements. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thĂšse ont Ă©tĂ© : ‱ l’élaboration d’une technique ciblĂ©e de sĂ©quençage, aussi bien pour le VHB que pour le VHD, permettant la caractĂ©risation des gĂ©nomes entiers circulants, sans fragmentation, conduisant ainsi Ă  la possibilitĂ© d’identifier de grandes dĂ©lĂ©tions et de lier plusieurs Ă©vĂšnements gĂ©nĂ©tiques distants sur un mĂȘme variant ; ‱ la crĂ©ation d’un pipeline d’analyse bioinformatique utilisable en local (prĂ©requis pour la sĂ©curitĂ© des donnĂ©es patients) et facile Ă  mettre en place pour la communautĂ© scientifique ; ‱ la caractĂ©risation des variants circulants du VHB et du VHD, nĂ©cessaire pour l’exploration de la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© et dans une Ăšre de dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux traitements. L’approche expĂ©rimentale repose sur l’exploitation d’une mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage en pleine Ă©volution basĂ©e sur la technologie nanopore (ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), connue pour sa capacitĂ© Ă  lire de trĂšs grands fragments en s’affranchissant de l’étape de fragmentation, pourtant nĂ©cessaire aux autres techniques de sĂ©quençage de deuxiĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ration telles que Illumina ou Ion Torrent. Le sĂ©quençage des gĂ©nomes complets du VHB et du VHD par nanopore a Ă©tĂ© obtenu aprĂšs leur amplification dans leur intĂ©gralitĂ© en un seul fragment. Il est Ă  noter que l’amplification du gĂ©nome du VHD en un seul fragment n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite auparavant. Par ailleurs nous avons crĂ©Ă© un pipeline d’analyse, que nous avons appelĂ© VIRiONT pour « VIRal in house ONT sequencing analysis pipeline », permettant l’analyse des donnĂ©es de sĂ©quençage Ă  partir d’un ensemble de sĂ©quences de rĂ©fĂ©rence, gĂ©nĂ©rant automatiquement les fichiers d’alignement et d’appel de variants, les sĂ©quences consensus, ainsi que les arbres phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques. Lors de ces travaux, de nombreux Ă©vĂšnements biologiques ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s. A titre d’application, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des formes circulantes Ă©pissĂ©es du VHB connues, mais aussi identifiĂ© de nouvelles formes jamais dĂ©crites. AppliquĂ©e au VHD, notre mĂ©thode permet, d’apprĂ©cier l’édition des gĂ©nomes circulants, qui est un Ă©vĂ©nement gĂ©nĂ©tique d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour les Ă©quipes de recherche travaillant sur le VHD. De plus, le dĂ©veloppement du pipeline et l’analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique des sĂ©quences consensus gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es du VHD ont conduit Ă  l’identification d’un nouveau sous-type du gĂ©notype 1 et Ă  l’amĂ©lioration d’une base de donnĂ©es en ligne HDVdb. Ces travaux ont abouti Ă  l’élaboration d’une mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage des gĂ©nomes complets du VHB et du VHD sans fragmentation, couplĂ©e Ă  une analyse bioinformatique clef en main et facile Ă  mettre en Ɠuvre par tout laboratoire. Ces outils ouvrent des perspectives importantes quant Ă  l’étude Ă  plus large Ă©chelle des quasiespĂšces de ces deux virus incluant notamment les variants structuraux, Ă  l’instar des formes Ă©pissĂ©es du VHB. Finalement, le pipeline VIRiONT peut ĂȘtre adaptĂ© et Ă©largi Ă  tout organisme moyennant une base de sĂ©quences de rĂ©fĂ©rence adaptĂ©e.More than 250 million people are chronically infected by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. Chronic HBV carriers have an increased risk of developing severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the second most deadly cancer in the world. Co-infection with hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is an aggravating factor. At least 12 million people according to the latest WHO estimates are coinfected by HBV and HDV. HDV is not sensitive to nucleotide analogues used for HBV treatment and the response rate to IFNα is less than 25%. New therapeutic strategies at the interface between these two viruses and the host, without directly targeting HDV, have been developed. The entry inhibitor myrcludex received its marketing authorization in France September 2020. In this context, the genetic characterization of the complete genome of these two viruses is essential to better understand the pathophysiology and response to treatments.The objectives of this thesis work were: ‱ the development of a targeted sequencing technique, for both HBV and HDV, allowing the characterization of the entire circulating genomes, without fragmentation, leading to the possibility of identifying large deletions and linking several distant genetic events on the same variant; ‱ the creation of a bioinformatic pipeline that can be used locally (a prerequisite for patient data confidentiality) and that is easy to implement by any laboratories; ‱ the characterization of circulating HBV and HDV variants that is necessary for the exploration of the pathogenicity and the development of new treatments. The experimental approach is based on the exploitation of an evolving sequencing method based on nanopore technology (ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), known for its ability to read very large fragments without the fragmentation step that is required by other second-generation sequencing techniques such as Illumina or Ion Torrent. The ONT sequencing of the complete HBV and HDV genomes was obtained after their complete amplification in a single fragment. It should be noted that the amplification of the HDV genome in a single fragment has never been described before. Furthermore, we created a new pipeline, called VIRiONT for "VIRal in house ONT sequencing analysis pipeline", allowing the analysis of sequencing data from a set of reference sequences, automatically generating alignment and variant calling files, consensus sequences, as well as phylogenetic trees. During this work, many biological events have been observed. As an application, we have highlighted known circulating HBV splice DNA variants, but also identified new forms never described. Applied to HDV, our method enables us to assess the editing rate of circulating genomes, which is a genetic event of interest for research teams working on HDV. Moreover, the development of VIRiONT and the phylogenetic analysis of the generated HDV consensus sequences led to the identification of a new subtype of genotype 1 and the improvement of an online database HDVdb. This work led to the development of a method for sequencing complete genomes of HBV and HDV without fragmentation, coupled with a turnkey bioinformatic pipeline. These tools open important perspectives for the study of the quasispecies of these two viruses, including structural variants, such as the spliced forms of HBV. Finally, the VIRiONT pipeline can be adapted and extended to any organism with an adapted reference sequences database

    Mis-Genotyping of Some Hepatitis D Virus Genotype 2 and 5 Sequences Using HDVdb

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    Evidence that Hepatitis D virus (HDV) genotype is involved in HDV infection pathogenesis is increasing. Indeed, HDV genotypes have been shown to be linked to different outcomes in terms of liver fibrosis and treatment response. Herein, we show that the promising HDVdb genotyping tool available online can lead to wrong genotyping results. The current HDVdb algorithm should be carefully considered as a “beta-version” and warrants algorithm core corrections, as soon as possible, for an optimal and beneficial use

    Étude des gĂ©nomes complets, amplifiĂ©s et sĂ©quencĂ©s en un seul fragment, des virus de l’hĂ©patite B et Delta circulants chez les patients infectĂ©s : mise au point et applications

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    More than 250 million people are chronically infected by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) worldwide. Chronic HBV carriers have an increased risk of developing severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the second most deadly cancer in the world. Co-infection with hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is an aggravating factor. At least 12 million people according to the latest WHO estimates are coinfected by HBV and HDV. HDV is not sensitive to nucleotide analogues used for HBV treatment and the response rate to IFNα is less than 25%. New therapeutic strategies at the interface between these two viruses and the host, without directly targeting HDV, have been developed. The entry inhibitor myrcludex received its marketing authorization in France September 2020. In this context, the genetic characterization of the complete genome of these two viruses is essential to better understand the pathophysiology and response to treatments.The objectives of this thesis work were: ‱ the development of a targeted sequencing technique, for both HBV and HDV, allowing the characterization of the entire circulating genomes, without fragmentation, leading to the possibility of identifying large deletions and linking several distant genetic events on the same variant; ‱ the creation of a bioinformatic pipeline that can be used locally (a prerequisite for patient data confidentiality) and that is easy to implement by any laboratories; ‱ the characterization of circulating HBV and HDV variants that is necessary for the exploration of the pathogenicity and the development of new treatments. The experimental approach is based on the exploitation of an evolving sequencing method based on nanopore technology (ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), known for its ability to read very large fragments without the fragmentation step that is required by other second-generation sequencing techniques such as Illumina or Ion Torrent. The ONT sequencing of the complete HBV and HDV genomes was obtained after their complete amplification in a single fragment. It should be noted that the amplification of the HDV genome in a single fragment has never been described before. Furthermore, we created a new pipeline, called VIRiONT for "VIRal in house ONT sequencing analysis pipeline", allowing the analysis of sequencing data from a set of reference sequences, automatically generating alignment and variant calling files, consensus sequences, as well as phylogenetic trees. During this work, many biological events have been observed. As an application, we have highlighted known circulating HBV splice DNA variants, but also identified new forms never described. Applied to HDV, our method enables us to assess the editing rate of circulating genomes, which is a genetic event of interest for research teams working on HDV. Moreover, the development of VIRiONT and the phylogenetic analysis of the generated HDV consensus sequences led to the identification of a new subtype of genotype 1 and the improvement of an online database HDVdb. This work led to the development of a method for sequencing complete genomes of HBV and HDV without fragmentation, coupled with a turnkey bioinformatic pipeline. These tools open important perspectives for the study of the quasispecies of these two viruses, including structural variants, such as the spliced forms of HBV. Finally, the VIRiONT pipeline can be adapted and extended to any organism with an adapted reference sequences database.Le Virus de l’HĂ©patite B (VHB) infecte chroniquement plus de 250 millions d’individus dans le monde, prĂ©sentant alors un risque accru de dĂ©velopper des pathologies hĂ©patiques sĂ©vĂšres comme la cirrhose ou le carcinome hĂ©patocellulaire, deuxiĂšme cancer le plus meurtrier dans le monde. La co-infection par le virus de l’hĂ©patite Delta (VHD) est un facteur aggravant. Selon les derniĂšres estimations de l’OMS, 12 millions de personnes seraient coinfectĂ©es. L’infection par VHD n’est pas sensible aux traitements anti-VHB et le taux de rĂ©ponse Ă  l’IFNα est infĂ©rieur Ă  25 %. De nouvelles stratĂ©gies thĂ©rapeutiques se situant Ă  l’interface entre ces deux virus et l’hĂŽte, sans directement cibler le VHD, ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©es. Le bulĂ©virtide, inhibiteur d’entrĂ©e, a obtenu son autorisation de mise sur le marchĂ© en septembre 2020. Dans ce contexte, la caractĂ©risation gĂ©nĂ©tique de l’intĂ©gralitĂ© du gĂ©nome de ces deux virus est un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel pour une meilleure comprĂ©hension de la physiopathologie et de la rĂ©ponse aux traitements. Les objectifs de ces travaux de thĂšse ont Ă©tĂ© : ‱ l’élaboration d’une technique ciblĂ©e de sĂ©quençage, aussi bien pour le VHB que pour le VHD, permettant la caractĂ©risation des gĂ©nomes entiers circulants, sans fragmentation, conduisant ainsi Ă  la possibilitĂ© d’identifier de grandes dĂ©lĂ©tions et de lier plusieurs Ă©vĂšnements gĂ©nĂ©tiques distants sur un mĂȘme variant ; ‱ la crĂ©ation d’un pipeline d’analyse bioinformatique utilisable en local (prĂ©requis pour la sĂ©curitĂ© des donnĂ©es patients) et facile Ă  mettre en place pour la communautĂ© scientifique ; ‱ la caractĂ©risation des variants circulants du VHB et du VHD, nĂ©cessaire pour l’exploration de la pathogĂ©nicitĂ© et dans une Ăšre de dĂ©veloppement de nouveaux traitements. L’approche expĂ©rimentale repose sur l’exploitation d’une mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage en pleine Ă©volution basĂ©e sur la technologie nanopore (ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies), connue pour sa capacitĂ© Ă  lire de trĂšs grands fragments en s’affranchissant de l’étape de fragmentation, pourtant nĂ©cessaire aux autres techniques de sĂ©quençage de deuxiĂšme gĂ©nĂ©ration telles que Illumina ou Ion Torrent. Le sĂ©quençage des gĂ©nomes complets du VHB et du VHD par nanopore a Ă©tĂ© obtenu aprĂšs leur amplification dans leur intĂ©gralitĂ© en un seul fragment. Il est Ă  noter que l’amplification du gĂ©nome du VHD en un seul fragment n’a jamais Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite auparavant. Par ailleurs nous avons crĂ©Ă© un pipeline d’analyse, que nous avons appelĂ© VIRiONT pour « VIRal in house ONT sequencing analysis pipeline », permettant l’analyse des donnĂ©es de sĂ©quençage Ă  partir d’un ensemble de sĂ©quences de rĂ©fĂ©rence, gĂ©nĂ©rant automatiquement les fichiers d’alignement et d’appel de variants, les sĂ©quences consensus, ainsi que les arbres phylogĂ©nĂ©tiques. Lors de ces travaux, de nombreux Ă©vĂšnements biologiques ont pu ĂȘtre observĂ©s. A titre d’application, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence des formes circulantes Ă©pissĂ©es du VHB connues, mais aussi identifiĂ© de nouvelles formes jamais dĂ©crites. AppliquĂ©e au VHD, notre mĂ©thode permet, d’apprĂ©cier l’édition des gĂ©nomes circulants, qui est un Ă©vĂ©nement gĂ©nĂ©tique d’intĂ©rĂȘt pour les Ă©quipes de recherche travaillant sur le VHD. De plus, le dĂ©veloppement du pipeline et l’analyse phylogĂ©nĂ©tique des sĂ©quences consensus gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es du VHD ont conduit Ă  l’identification d’un nouveau sous-type du gĂ©notype 1 et Ă  l’amĂ©lioration d’une base de donnĂ©es en ligne HDVdb. Ces travaux ont abouti Ă  l’élaboration d’une mĂ©thode de sĂ©quençage des gĂ©nomes complets du VHB et du VHD sans fragmentation, couplĂ©e Ă  une analyse bioinformatique clef en main et facile Ă  mettre en Ɠuvre par tout laboratoire. Ces outils ouvrent des perspectives importantes quant Ă  l’étude Ă  plus large Ă©chelle des quasiespĂšces de ces deux virus incluant notamment les variants structuraux, Ă  l’instar des formes Ă©pissĂ©es du VHB. Finalement, le pipeline VIRiONT peut ĂȘtre adaptĂ© et Ă©largi Ă  tout organisme moyennant une base de sĂ©quences de rĂ©fĂ©rence adaptĂ©e

    Chronic Genotype 3 Hepatitis E in Pregnant Woman Receiving Infliximab and Azathioprine

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    Acute hepatitis E virus infection during pregnancy has a high fatality rate in developing countries. Little data are available on chronic infection in pregnant women. We report a case of chronic hepatitis E during treatment with infliximab and azathioprine, without adverse event during pregnancy and with spontaneous resolution after delivery

    Improved hepatitis delta virus genome characterization by single molecule full‐length genome sequencing combined with VIRiONT pipeline

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    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection confers a greater risk for accelerated liver disease progression. Full-length characterization of HDV genome is necessary to understand pathogenesis and treatment response. However, owing to its high variability and tight structure, sequencing approaches remain challenging. Herein, we present a workflow to amplify, sequence, and analyze the whole HDV genome in a single fragment. Sequencing was based on the Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing followed by a turnkey analysis pipeline (VIRiONT, VIRal in-house ONT sequencing analysis pipeline) that we developed and make available online for free. For the first time, HDV genome was successfully amplified and full-length sequenced in a single fragment, allowing accurate subtyping from 30 clinical samples. High variability of edition, a crucial step in viral life cycle, was found among samples (from 0% to 59%). Additionally, a new subtype of HDV genotype 1 was identified. We provide a complete workflow for assessment of HDV genome at full-length quasispecies resolution overcoming genome assembly issues and helping to identify modifications throughout the whole genome. This will help a better understanding of the impact of genotype/subtype, viral dynamics, and structural variants on HDV pathogenesis and treatment response

    Early sofosbuvir-ledipasvir treatment for acute HCV infection induced severe immune thrombocytopenia – a case report

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    Abstract Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a recognised cause of secondary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). While its incidence has been largely described during chronic HCV infection, only one case of ITP secondary to acute HCV infection has been reported at this time. Case presentation We report herein the case of severe ITP secondary to an acute HCV genotype 1a reinfection in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative man having sex with men who had been cured several years before of a previous acute genotype 4d HCV infection. After an unsuccessful standard therapy with two courses of intravenous immunoglobulin (at 1 g/kg daily for 2 days) associated with methylprednisolone 1 mg/kg daily, antiviral treatment with sofosbuvir-ledipasvir rapidly achieved virological response and normalised the platelet count. Conclusions As a direct effect of HCV on megakaryocytes could be the predominant cause of ITP during acute infection, early antiviral treatment may be beneficial in this case

    Hepatitis C virus spread from HIV-positive to HIV-negative men who have sex with men.

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    The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential transmission of HCV strains between HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) and HIV-negative MSM. Since 2000, an ongoing epidemic of HCV infections is observed among HIV-positive MSM in high-income countries. However, HCV infections in HIV-negative MSM are investigated to a lesser extent due to the lack of follow-up in this population and only limited information is available on the risk of HCV transmission between HIV-positive MSM and HIV-negative MSM. We enrolled 49 MSM of which 43 were HIV-positive and 6 HIV-negative, including 4 being enrolled or waiting for enrolment in a preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) program. All patients were diagnosed with acute HCV infection at the Infectious Disease Unit at the Hospices Civils de Lyon from 2014 to 2016. Risk factors for HCV infection were similar in both groups and included IV or nasal drug use, and rough sex practices. Typing and phylogenetic cluster analysis of HCV variants were performed by NS5B sequencing. Several clusters of infections were identified (genotype 1a: 3 clusters and 1 pair; genotype 4d: 1 cluster and 2 pairs), suggesting that several transmission events occurred within the study population. Every HCV strain identified in HIV-negative MSM was included in a cluster with HIV-positive MSM. Chronological analysis of contagiousness suggested the transmission of HCV from HIV-positive to HIV-negative patients. We conclude that recommendations for HCV surveillance should not be confined to HIV-positive MSM but should be extended to HIV-negative MSM with similar risk factors

    Quantifying transmission dynamics of acute hepatitis C virus infections in a heterogeneous population using sequence data

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    International audienceOpioid substitution and syringes exchange programs have drastically reduced hepatitis C virus (HCV) spread in France but HCV sexual transmission in men having sex with men (MSM) has recently arisen as a significant public health concern. The fact that the virus is transmitting in a heterogeneous population, with different transmission routes, makes prevalence and incidence rates poorly informative. However, additional insights can be gained by analyzing virus phylogenies inferred from dated genetic sequence data. By combining a phylodynamics approach based on Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) and an original transmission model, we estimate key epidemiological parameters of an ongoing HCV epidemic among MSMs in Lyon (France). We show that this new epidemic is largely independent of the previously observed non-MSM HCV epidemics and that its doubling time is ten times lower (0.44 years versus 4.37 years). These results have practical implications for HCV control and illustrate the additional information provided by virus genomics in public health

    PremiĂšre rĂ©plication virale du Covid-19 identifiĂ©e dans le liquide de dialyse pĂ©ritonĂ©ale d’un patient symptomatique

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    RETRACTED : the authors retracted see : https://bdd.rdplf.org/index.php/bdd/article/view/54713 The COVID-19 pandemic is characterized by a disease with mainly respiratory tropism and varying severity. Viral excretion of COVID-19 has been described in both urine and stool  with the risk of contamination by stool. No viral replication in the peritoneal dialysis fluid has been reported to date. We report an observation demonstrating the presence of the virus in the peritoneal dialysis drainage fluid of a COVID-19 patient. This underlines the importance in COVID-19 patients of considering dialysis fluid as a possible source of contamination.EN RAISON D'UNE ERREUR DE MESURE DECOUVERTE PAR LES AUTEURS APRES PUBLICATION ILS ONT SOUHAITE SE RETRACTER DE CET ARTICLE, VOIR : https://bdd.rdplf.org/index.php/bdd/article/view/54713 La pandĂ©mie liĂ©e au Covid-19 se caractĂ©rise par une maladie avec un tropisme principalement respiratoire et de sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© variable . L’excrĂ©tion virale du Covid-19 a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite dans les urines et les selles avec un risque de contamination par les selles. Aucune rĂ©plication virale dans le liquide de dialyse pĂ©ritonĂ©ale n’avait Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©e Ă  ce jour . Nous rapportons une observation dĂ©montrant la prĂ©sence du virus dans le liquide de drainage de dialyse pĂ©ritonĂ©ale d’un patient COVID-19. Cela souligne l’importance chez les patients COVID-19 de considĂ©rer le liquide de dalyse comme une source de contamination possible
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