Onset of overall haemorrhage.

<p>Onset of overall haemorrhage.</p

Descriptive statistics of the two patient cohorts (n = 1000 each).

<p>Descriptive statistics of the two patient cohorts (n = 1000 each).</p

Effect of local blunt muscle trauma on microvascular blood flow, relative hemoglobin amount and hemoglobin O₂ saturation.

<p>Animals (n = 8) were ventilated with 100% O₂. Parameters were determined immediately before trauma (base values, base), 1–2 minutes after trauma (0) and every 40 minutes until the end of the experimental period. flow, microvascular blood flow (A); rHb, relative hemoglobin amount, representing blood filling of microvessels (B); SO₂, microvascular hemoglobin O₂ saturation (C); AU, arbitrary unit; trauma, injured area of traumatized muscle; contralateral, respective area of the contralateral non-traumatized muscle. Values shown represent means ± SEM. *P<0.05 (versus base). ^#P<0.05 (versus contralateral; significant to all post trauma time points of flow and rHb except for flow at time point 160 minutes; not significant for SO₂, but post-hoc t-tests reveal significant differences between the groups for the time points 200 and 240 minutes).</p

Hypoxic fraction as indicated by pimonidazole staining.

<p>Animals were ventilated with 100% O₂. The traumatized <i>Musculus gastrocnemius</i> of the trauma group IIa (n = 4 for each time point) and the <i>Musculus gastrocnemius</i> of the control group IIc (n = 6) were harvested and sections of the muscle specimen were analyzed for pimonidazole binding. Hypoxic fraction, percentage area of pimonidazole-labelled muscle cells within an area; injured area, injured area of the traumatized muscle of the trauma group IIa; uninjured area, the adjacent uninjured area of the traumatized muscle of the trauma group IIa; control, tissue area of the non-traumatized muscle of the control group IIc. Values shown represent means ± SEM. *P<0.05 (versus control).</p

HIF-1α staining within injured muscle area (representative figure).

<p>The animal was ventilated with 100% O₂. 450 minutes after trauma, the <i>Musculus gastrocnemius</i> of the traumatized right hind limb was harvested and section of the muscle specimen was analyzed for HIF-1α expression within the injured area. No significant staining for HIF-1α of the muscle cells. Scale bar: 150 µm. Inlet: Positive staining for HIF-1α expression by myeloid cells (brown), invading to the traumatized muscle. Scale bar: 10 µm.</p

Probe positions at the injured area.

<p>Five different probe positions (A–E) were used for laser Doppler and white-light spectroscopic measurements with the spectrometer O2C (oxygen-to-see). The injured area of the dorsal compartment muscles of the shaved right lower hind limb is shown. A special glass fiber probe was used to collect data over 20 seconds at each position.</p

Pimonidazole staining within injured muscle area (representative figure).

<p>The animal was ventilated with 100% O₂. 450 minutes after trauma, the <i>Musculus gastrocnemius</i> of the traumatized right hind limb was harvested and section of the muscle specimen was analyzed for pimonidazole labelling within the injured area. Injured area is identified by e.g. necrotic muscle cells (arrow) and edema (arrowhead). Hypoxic muscle cells indicated by pimonidazole binding are stained brown (star). Scale bar: 500 µm.</p

In silico functional prediction of detected non-synonymous variants in chr16p11.2 (screened genes APOBR, SH2B1, SULT1A1, and SULT1A2).

<p>In silico functional prediction of detected non-synonymous variants in chr16p11.2 (screened genes APOBR, SH2B1, SULT1A1, and SULT1A2).</p

Decision tree for genotyping of variants detected in the initial screening collective of 95 extremely obese children and adolescents.

<p>Decision tree for genotyping of variants detected in the initial screening collective of 95 extremely obese children and adolescents.</p

Phenotypic description of analyzed study groups.

<p>Phenotypic description of analyzed study groups.</p