Funnel Plot of Effect Sizes (d₊) for Body Image.

<p>s.e. = standard error.</p

Overall Effect of Interventions on Outcomes.

<p><i>k</i> = number of effect sizes; <i>d</i>_<i>+</i> = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval; <i>Q</i> = homogeneity <i>Q</i> statistic; <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> = homogeneity <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> statistic.</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Overall Effect of Interventions on Outcomes.</p

Moderators of Intervention Effects on Body Image.

<p><i>k</i> = number of effect sizes; <i>d</i>_<i>+</i> = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval; <i>Q</i> = homogeneity <i>Q</i> statistic; <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> = homogeneity <i>I</i>^<i>2</i> statistic.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < 0.05</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Moderators of Intervention Effects on Body Image.</p

Effect Sizes for Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.

<p><i>N</i>_c = Number of participants in the control condition; <i>N</i>_<i>e</i> = Number of participants in the experimental condition; <i>d</i>₊ = sample-weighted average effect size; <i>95% CI</i> = 95% confidence interval.</p><p>^a Females.</p><p>^b Males.</p><p>^c Dance aerobics.</p><p>^d Step aerobics.</p><p>^e Video Intervention 1.</p><p>^f Video Intervention 2.</p><p>^g Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT).</p><p>^h Fitness training intervention.</p><p>ⁱ Gratitude diaries.</p><p>^j Monitoring and restructuring.</p><p>^k High-risk women.</p><p>^l Low-risk women.</p><p>^m 3^rd and 4^th grade students.</p><p>ⁿ 5^th and 6^th grade students.</p><p>^o Cycling.</p><p>^p Running.</p><p>^q Swimming.</p><p>^r Face-to-face intervention.</p><p>^s Internet intervention.</p><p>^t Feminist intervention.</p><p>^u Psychoeducation intervention.</p><p>^v Rosen, Orosan, & Reiter [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref076" target="_blank">76</a>].</p><p>^w Rosen, Reiter, & Orosan [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref077" target="_blank">77</a>].</p><p>^x Cognitive therapy.</p><p>^y To accommodate testing for two experimental conditions, the sample size of the control group has been divided by two.</p><p>Measures of body image are coded as follows: 1 = Adult Body Satisfaction Questionnaire (ABSQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref078" target="_blank">78</a>]): Satisfaction with Physical Appearance Subscale; 2 = Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref079" target="_blank">79</a>]); 3 = Body Appreciation Scale (BAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref080" target="_blank">80</a>]); 4 = Body Checking Questionnaire (BCQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref081" target="_blank">81</a>]); 5 = Body Esteem Scale (BES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref082" target="_blank">82</a>]); 6 = BES [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref082" target="_blank">82</a>]: Sexual Attractiveness Subscale; 7 = Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref083" target="_blank">83</a>]): Appearance Body Esteem Subscale; 8 = BES [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref083" target="_blank">83</a>]: Weight Body Esteem Subscale; 9 = Body Esteem Scale for Children [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref084" target="_blank">84</a>]; 10 = Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref085" target="_blank">85</a>]); 11 = Body Image Disturbance Questionnaire (BIDQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref086" target="_blank">86</a>]); 12 = Body Image States Scale (BISS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref087" target="_blank">87</a>]); 13 = Body Parts Dissatisfaction Scale (BPDS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref088" target="_blank">88</a>]): Number of Body Parts Wished Smaller; 14 = BPDS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref088" target="_blank">88</a>]: Number of Body Parts with Which Content; 15 = Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (BPSS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]): Body Parts Satisfaction Subscale; 16 = BPSS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]: Overall Appearance Satisfaction Subscale; 17 = Body Satisfaction and Body Change Inventory (BSBCI, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref090" target="_blank">90</a>]): Body Satisfaction Subscale; 18 = Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref091" target="_blank">91</a>]); 19 = Body Shape Questionnaire- Short Form (BSQ-SF, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref092" target="_blank">92</a>]); 20 = Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (BSRQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref093" target="_blank">93</a>]): Appearance Evaluation Subscale; 21 = Berscheid, Walster, and Bohrnstedt Body Image Questionnaire [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]; 22 = Contour Drawing Rating Scale (CDRS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref094" target="_blank">94</a>]); 23 = Child and Youth Physical Self-Perception Profile (CY-PSPP, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref095" target="_blank">95</a>]): Body Attractiveness Subscale; 24 = Eating Disorders Inventory–II (EDI-II, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref096" target="_blank">96</a>]): Body Dissatisfaction Subscale; 25 = Figure Rating Scale (FRS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref097" target="_blank">97</a>]); 26 = Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref098" target="_blank">98</a>]): Appearance Evaluation Subscale; 27 = MBSRQ [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref098" target="_blank">98</a>]: Body Areas Satisfaction Subscale; 28 = Physical Appearance State and Trait Anxiety Scale (PASTAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: State Nonweight Subscale; 29 = PASTAS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: State Weight Subscale; 30 = PASTAS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref099" target="_blank">99</a>]: Trait Weight Subscale; 31 = Marsh Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref100" target="_blank">100</a>]); 32 = Physical Self-Perceptions-Inventory (PSPP, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref101" target="_blank">101</a>]): Bodily Attractiveness Subscale; 33 = Physical Self-Concept Scale (PSS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref102" target="_blank">102</a>]): Perception of Appreciation of Physical Appearance Subscale; 34 = PSS [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref102" target="_blank">102</a>]: Perception of Physical Appearance Subscale; 35 = Satisfaction with Body Parts Scale (SBPS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref089" target="_blank">89</a>]); 36 = Self-Report Behavioral Avoidance Questionnaire [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref103" target="_blank">103</a>]; 37 = Self-reported current weight = self-reported ideal weight; 38 = Situational Inventory of Body Image Dysphoria–Short Form (SIBID-S, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref104" target="_blank">104</a>]); 39 = Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref105" target="_blank">105</a>]); 40 = Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref106" target="_blank">106</a>]: Physical Appearance Subscale; 41 = State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref107" target="_blank">107</a>]): Appearance Subscale; 42 = Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) to assess body satisfaction; 43 = VAS to assess feelings of beauty; 44 = VAS to assess muscle dissatisfaction [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>]; 45 = VAS to assess weight dissatisfaction [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref108" target="_blank">108</a>].</p><p>Measures of beauty ideal internalisation are coded as follows: 1 = Questions about desire to look like TV and pop stars; 2 = Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire (SATAQ, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref109" target="_blank">109</a>]): Internalization of the Thin Ideal Subscale; 3 = Sociocultural Attitudes Toward Appearance Questionnaire-III (SATAQ-III, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref110" target="_blank">110</a>]): General Internalization Subscale.</p><p>Measures of social comparison tendencies are coded as follows: 1 = Body Comparisons Scale (BCS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref111" target="_blank">111</a>]); 2 = Physical Appearance Beliefs Test (PABT, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref112" target="_blank">112</a>]): Social Comparisons Subscale; 3 = Physical Appearance Comparison Scale (PACS, [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139177#pone.0139177.ref113" target="_blank">113</a>]).</p><p>Effect Sizes for Studies Included in the Meta-Analysis.</p

Effect of Specific Change Techniques on Body Image.

<p><i>k</i> = number of effect sizes; β = beta from metaregression; <i>SE</i> = standard error; <i>R</i>² = percentage of variance explained by the change technique.</p><p>^a A 0.5 results from a study where the sample size for the control condition was halved (to accommodate comparison with two experimental conditions/interventions) and where the change technique was used in one intervention but not the other.</p><p>* <i>p</i> < 0.05</p><p>** <i>p</i> < 0.01</p><p>*** <i>p</i> < 0.001.</p><p>Effect of Specific Change Techniques on Body Image.</p

Flow of Studies through the Current Meta-Analysis.

<p>Flow of Studies through the Current Meta-Analysis.</p