Civil Procedure—Environmental Class Actions: Economic Ramifications of the Rule 23 Nonaggregation Doctrine—Zahn v. International Paper Co., 414 U.S 291 (1973)

This note will examine the impact of Zahn v. International Paper Co. within the context of environmental litigation. It will briefly trace the history of the nonaggregation doctrine relied upon and reaffirmed by the Zahn majority, and describe the limitations imposed upon would-be federal plaintiffs by that doctrine. The note then will examine various alternative modes of adjudication, including the ancillary jurisdiction alternative suggested by dissenting Justice Brennan, which would have been preferable to the position adopted by the majority. Finally, and most importantly, the note will take a hard look at the deleterious economic effects of Zahn upon environmental plaintiffs, concluding that the inevitability of these economic effects justifies a result other than that reached by the Court

Offender Variables: Unique Predictors of Benevolence, Avoidance, and Revenge?

Most past research on interpersonal forgiveness has emphasized qualities of the betrayed partner (e.g. trait forgiveness, dispositional empathy, narcissism) or relationship factors (e.g., relational closeness) in predicting forgiveness. However, research has rarely considered characteristics of the offender as predictors of forgiveness, as when a victim comes to wish the offender well and feel warmth toward him/her, and unforgiveness, as when a victim avoids or retaliates against an offender. Therefore the current project sought to assess the unique contribution of offenders’ personality over and above the aforementioned established predictors of forgiveness and unforgiveness outcomes on the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) inventory. It was expected that offender variables (such as high narcissism, low dispositional empathy, low honesty-humility, and high agreeableness) would account for additional, unique variance in predicting forgiveness beyond the known correlates of forgiveness and unforgiveness (e.g., high relational closeness to offender, low betrayal severity, high trait forgiveness, low narcissism). Results for TRIM Benevolence and Avoidance, but not TRIM Revenge, were consistent with the study’s hypothesis, such that offender variables contributed significant unique variance above established predictors. Implications for the study of offender variables are discussed, as well as future directions research might consider

Influence of cap layer on implantation induced interdiffusion in InP/InGaAs quantum wells

We have investigated the effect of implantation at room temperature and 200 °C into lattice matched InP/InGaAs quantum wellstructures capped with InP and InGaAs layers. P− ions of 20 keV were implanted into the cap layer at doses of 1×10¹²−1×10¹⁴ cm⁻². The dose dependent evolution of shifts in photoluminescence energy for the InP capped sample was found to be affected by the implant temperature. Rutherford back scattering measurements show that the nature of the damage induced at different implant temperatures is responsible for this behavior. It was found that the InGaAs capped sample was less sensitive to the implant temperature than the InP capped sample

Ultrafast trapping times in ion implanted InP

As⁺ and P⁺implantation was performed on semi-insulating (SI) and p-type InP samples for the purpose of creating a material suitable for ultrafast optoelectronic applications. SI InP samples were implanted with a dose of 1×10¹⁶ cm⁻² and p-type InP was implanted with doses between 1×10¹² and 1×10¹⁶ cm⁻². Subsequently, rapid thermal annealing at temperatures between 400 and 700 °C was performed for 30 sec. Hall-effect measurements, double-crystal x-ray diffraction, and time-resolved femtosecond differential reflectivity showed that, for the highest-annealing temperatures, the implanted SI InP samples exhibited high mobility, low resistivity, short response times, and minimal structural damage. Similar measurements on implantedp-type InP showed that the fast response time, high mobility, and good structural recovery could be retained while increasing the resistivity

Application fever: Reviewing the causes, costs, and cures for residency application inflation

Over the past decade, the number of residency applications submitted per applicant has nearly doubled. This epidemic of Application Fever is expensive for applicants, burdensome for programs, and ultimately does not improve overall Match outcomes. In this review, we discuss the phenomenon of Application Fever, with a focus on contributing factors and costs of this behavior. Application Fever has its origins in the early 1990s. At that time, the number of residency applicants began to outpace the number of available positions. Because an applicant who applies to more residency programs has a greater probability of securing a residency position than an otherwise equivalent applicant who applies to fewer, overapplication became a dominant strategy and residency applicants began to apply to more residency programs each year. This trend was enhanced and enabled by the introduction of the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS). Although Application Fever is a rational decision for applicants, it imposes a substantial evaluative burden on program directors and necessitates the use of convenience screening metrics. We then briefly review potential solutions, including informational strategies, application limits, and marketplace incentives to reduce application numbers. Although a fixed cap on applications would reduce application numbers and facilitate a holistic selection process, greater transparency from residency programs regarding their selection criteria would be required to help applicants choose where to apply. To improve the residency application process for programs and applicants alike, we call upon the medical community to further study Application Fever and carefully consider solutions, including fixed application caps

Driving, dementia and Australian physicians: primum non nocere?

Older Australians are increasingly reliant on automobiles as their sole form of transport. As our population is ageing and the prevalence of dementia is increasing, it is anticipated that the number of drivers with dementia will rise over time. Much of the literature relating to driving and dementia focuses on safety rather than mobility. The objective of this paper is to highlight several topical ethical issues that pertain to Australian drivers with dementia. It is recommended that future research, policy and practice should centre on the crucial mobility and transport needs of our senior citizens

A comparison of impurity-free and ion-implantation-induced intermixing of InGaAs/InP quantum wells

We have compared the time integrated photoluminescence (PL) and the time resolved PL of several lattice matched InGaAs/InP quantum wells intermixed either by ion implantation or an impurity-free method. We have found that the carrier capture rates into quantum wells and carrier relaxation from the wells depend on the type of intermixing used. Our results indicate that the carrier lifetimes are significantly longer in samples intermixed by the impurity-free methods, while the carrier collection efficiency of the quantum wells is more efficient in samples intermixed by ion implantation