Social Security Coverage and the Labor Market in Developing Countries

This paper analyzes the reasons behind the low rates of contribution to social security programs in developing countries. Using a large set of harmonized household surveys from Latin America we compare contribution patterns among wage employees, for whom participation is compulsory, with contribution patterns among self-employed workers, for whom participation is often voluntary. In all countries, contribution rates among salaried workers are similarly correlated with education, earnings, size of the employer, household characteristics and age. In addition, contribution patterns among salaried workers are highly correlated with contribution patterns among the self-employed. Our results indicate that on average more than 30 percent of the explained within-country variance in contributions patterns may be accounted for by individuals’ low willingness to participate in old-age pension programs. Nonetheless, we also find evidence suggesting that some workers are rationed out of social security against their will.

La Isla de calor en la ciudad de Lloret de Mar

Este artículo muestra el resultado de un trabajo de investigación sobre el fenómeno de la isla de calor en la ciudad de Lloret de Mar, donde se evidencia la existencia del fenómeno y se caracteriza. Utilizando el método de los transectos se han realizado mediciones de temperatura en cuatro campañas anuales entre julio del 2010 y marzo de 2014, durante el verano e invierno. El análisis de los 11.360 valores térmicos recopilados muestra una isla de calor urbana con una intensidad media de 3,3ºC, mientras que la intensidad máxima alcanza los 6,6ºC. El centro de la isla se sitúa sobre el sector litoral de la ciudad y parte del barrio del Nucli Antic. Se presentan además algunas diferencias verano-invierno observadas

Fuentes de tensión en el ejercicio profesional del profesor de Ciencias

The main aim of this article is to present a conceptualizatiog. of the causes of stress in teachers, based on a review of recent investigation concerning this subject and stating the importance of the working conditions, interpersonal relations, personal development, initial and continua1 formation and relations with society as causes of stress. A mention is made of how small the incidence of stress is on science teachers compared to their companions of other subjects

A Feminist Law Meets an Androcentric Criminal Justice System : Gender-Based Violence in Spain

This article discusses how practices in the Spanish criminal justice system relate to Organic Law 1/2004 on measures against gender-based violence. We examine the predominant construction of the problem and the secondary victimization of women. Data were collected from two sources: participant observation at police victim support units and courts dealing with violence against women, and in-depth interviews with abused women and legal and psychosocial professionals. Our analysis has uncovered a lack of institutional resources for detecting psychological violence and negative stereotyping of female victims. We conclude that a gender perspective should be incorporated into criminal justice system practices

The impact of article 12 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities on Qatar's private law

Article 12 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities provides that persons with disabilities are entitled to full legal capacity on an equal basis with others and obliges State Parties to provide access to the support that they may require exercising this legal capacity. This paper analyzes the main implications of this Article and its impact on Qatar´s legal system, focusing on the general regulation of legal capacity and provisions in the domain of Private Law, including Family Law. We examine how Qatar´s legislation needs to be adapted to the new paradigm of the CRPD, overcoming preconceptions based on the medical model and assistencialism, which is focused on protection, and moving towards the social model and the human rights approach, aimed at promoting the autonomy of persons with disabilities. To comply with Article 12, Qatar must review the legal provisions that allow the deprivation or restriction of legal capacity on the basis of disability and that require “be[ing] of sound of mind” as a condition to perform legal acts or to exercise rights. Qatar must also take action to replace regimes of substituted decision-making with supported decision-making – extending some support mechanisms available in current legislation – and to ensure the respect of the person’s will and preferences

The legal recognition of the human rights situation of women with disabilities in the state of Qatar

From the continental law, this paper analyses the situation regarding the rights and fundamental freedoms of women with disabilities in Qatar. The analysis uses as the main reference, Article 6 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the General Comment that the CRPD Committee has made to this article. In this aspect, it tries to outline the difficulties that Qatar, as a State party, has in order to be able and take the very first steps towards a real inclusion for women with disabilitie

Influence of color in a lactation room on users affective impressions and preferences

[EN] Objective: The present study aims to examine the influence of environmental color hue in a lactation room at a health center on users' affective response and preference. Background: Hospital design plays an important role in the emotional experience of patients. In this regard, many studies have attempted to find relationships between design variables and healthcare facilities users' response. Color has been frequently examined because it is always present in the environment and can be easily changed. However, most of the studies dealing with color-emotion relationships acquire users' affective response by questionnaires developed by experts which could lead to inaccurate results since nonexperts may misunderstand concepts set by experts and use nonimmersive images to simulate the environments to assess. Methods: To overcome these limitations, a Kansei Engineering-based approach was proposed. In the first phase, users' specific affective factors for lactation rooms were determined using Semantic Differential. In the second phase, the influence of nine different color hues on users' affective factors was obtained. An immersive display system was used to visualize the room altering hues in an isolated and controlled way. Results: (1) Six user's affective factors connected to the lactation rooms were discovered: safety, elegance, coziness, spaciousness, simplicity, and luminosity, of which coziness has the most impact on the assessment of the room. (2) Warm colors like orange and yellow tend to score highly for coziness which puts them in leading positions when users' assess lactation rooms. Conclusions: Results provide recommendations for designers and show the advantages of using semantic differential and immersive displays to analyze user's affective response to environments.The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad. Spain [Project TIN2013-45736-R].López-Tarruella, J.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Serra Lluch, J.; Iñarra Abad, S.; Wijk, H. (2019). Influence of color in a lactation room on users affective impressions and preferences. HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal. 12(2):55-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867187965935570122Codinhoto, R., Tzortzopoulos, P., Kagioglou, M., Aouad, G., & Cooper, R. (2009). The impacts of the built environment on health outcomes. Facilities, 27(3/4), 138-151. doi:10.1108/02632770910933152Dalke, H., Little, J., Niemann, E., Camgoz, N., Steadman, G., Hill, S., & Stott, L. (2006). Colour and lighting in hospital design. Optics & Laser Technology, 38(4-6), 343-365. doi:10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.040Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. doi:10.3758/bf03193146Gao, X.-P., & Xin, J. H. (2006). Investigation of human’s emotional responses on colors. Color Research & Application, 31(5), 411-417. doi:10.1002/col.20246Gledhill, D., Tian, G. Y., Taylor, D., & Clarke, D. (2003). Panoramic imaging—a review. Computers & Graphics, 27(3), 435-445. doi:10.1016/s0097-8493(03)00038-4Gray, W. A., Kesten, K. S., Hurst, S., & Anderko, L. (2012). Using Clinical Simulation Centers to Test Design Interventions: A Pilot Study of Lighting and Color Modifications. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 5(3), 46-65. doi:10.1177/193758671200500306Trujillo, J. L. H., Aviñó, A. M. i, & Millán, C. L. (2016). User Evaluation of Neonatology Ward Design. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 10(2), 23-48. doi:10.1177/1937586716641275Kaya, N., & Crosby, M. (2005). Color associations with different building types: An experimental study on American college students. Color Research & Application, 31(1), 67-71. doi:10.1002/col.20174Küller, R., Mikellides, B., & Janssens, J. (2009). Color, arousal, and performance-A comparison of three experiments. Color Research & Application, 34(2), 141-152. doi:10.1002/col.20476Leino-Kilpi, H., Välimäki, M., Dassen, T., Gasull, M., Lemonidou, C., Scott, A., & Arndt, M. (2001). Privacy: a review of the literature. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(6), 663-671. doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(00)00111-5López-Tarruella Maldonado, J., LINARES MILLAN, C., GUIXERES PROVINCIALE, J., & HIGUERA TRUJILLO, J. L. (2016). ENTORNOS VIRTUALES ONLINE Y DISEÑO CENTRADO EN EL USUARIO: UN ESTUDIO DE CASO. DYNA INGENIERIA E INDUSTRIA, 91(1), 634-638. doi:10.6036/7905Malenbaum, S., Keefe, F. J., Williams, A. C. de C., Ulrich, R., & Somers, T. J. (2008). Pain in its environmental context: Implications for designing environments to enhance pain control. Pain, 134(3), 241-244. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.002Manav, B. (2007). Color-emotion associations and color preferences: A case study for residences. Color Research & Application, 32(2), 144-150. doi:10.1002/col.20294Mourshed, M., & Zhao, Y. (2012). Healthcare providers’ perception of design factors related to physical environments in hospitals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(4), 362-370. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.06.004O’Connor, Z. (2011). Colour psychology and colour therapy: Caveat emptor. Color Research & Application, 36(3), 229-234. doi:10.1002/col.20597Schütte *, S. T. W., Eklund, J., Axelsson, J. R. C., & Nagamachi, M. (2004). Concepts, methods and tools in Kansei engineering. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 5(3), 214-231. doi:10.1080/1463922021000049980Shin, J.-H. (2004). Hospital Birthing Room Design: A Study Of Mothers’ Perception Of Hominess. Journal of Interior Design, 30(1), 23-36. doi:10.1111/j.1939-1668.2004.tb00397.xStamps, A. E. (1990). Use of Photographs to Simulate Environments: A Meta-Analysis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(3), 907-913. doi:10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.907Stamps, A. E. (2007). Evaluating spaciousness in static and dynamic media. Design Studies, 28(5), 535-557. doi:10.1016/j.destud.2007.01.001Streiner, D. L. (2003). Starting at the Beginning: An Introduction to Coefficient Alpha and Internal Consistency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 99-103. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8001_18Ulrich, R. S., Zimring, C., Zhu, X., DuBose, J., Seo, H.-B., Choi, Y.-S., … Joseph, A. (2008). A Review of the Research Literature on Evidence-Based Healthcare Design. 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The study of the urban heat island in the Mediterranean area: a review

En el presente trabajo se efectúa una revisión de los diferentes estudios sobre el fenómeno de la isla de calor urbana (ICU) realizados en ciudades mediterráneas. De este modo se realizará una reseña de cada estudio, presentando los métodos utilizados y las principales conclusiones. Destaca cómo en Grecia y España es donde aparecen un mayor número de trabajos realizados y de ciudades estudiadas. En especial, la ciudad de Atenas es la que aglutina una mayor numero de estudios y de más diversas temáticas. Respecto a los tamaños de las ciudades, se puede observar como existe una diversidad de rangos, estando representadas las grandes, las medianas y las pequeñas.The research carries out a review of different studies about urban heat island (ICU) in mediterranean cities. In this way, it shows a brief description about the methods used by the researchers and the main results for each study. In Greece and Spain is where there are a larger number of studies and the cities analysed. Especially, Athens is the city that has a greater number of researches and more different topics. In relation to the size of cities, it can notice that exits diversity of ranges, being represented the big, medium and small ones

RT-PCR multiplex para la detección simultánea de las mutaciones FLT3-ITD/NPM-1/AML1-ETO asociadas a Leucemia Mieloide Aguda

La Leucemia Mieloide Aguda (LMA) representa un grupo de neoplasias muy heterogéneo. Las aberraciones citogenéticas detectadas en el momento del diagnóstico son el marcador pronóstico más comúnmente utilizado. Sin embargo, el 20% de los casos de LMA presentan un cariotipo normal. Dentro de este grupo de pacientes la presencia de mutaciones del tipo FLT3-ITD se considera de mal pronóstico. Sin embargo, la presencia de la mutación NMP1 o AML1-ETO se asocia a un mejor pronóstico. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es el desarrollo de una técnica de diagnóstico molecular hematológico, que permita la detección simultánea de mutaciones para estos tres genes. Hemos desarrollado un método basado en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) que permite amplificar y visualizar simultáneamente estos 3 marcadores tanto desde ARN (un paso) como desde ADNc (dos pasos). De las 28 muestras analizadas, 6 (21,42 %) muestras fueron positivas para FLT3-ITD, 7 para NPM-1 (25%) y otras 4 (14,28) para AML1-ETO. Al comparar ambos métodos (ADNc vs ARN) con métodos convencionales los resultados de las 28 muestras estudiadas fue equivalente en el 100% de los casos, demostrando la robustez de los mismos.Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of neoplasms. The cytogenetic aberrations detected at the time of diagnosis are most commonly used as prognostic marker. However, 20% of AML patients exhibit a normal karyotype. Within this group of patients the presence of FLT3 -ITD mutations type is considered of poor prognosis. However, the presence of AML1 –ETO or NMP-1 or mutation is associated with a better prognosis. In this context, the aim of this work is to develop a technique of molecular diagnostic in hematology, allowing the simultaneous detection of mutations for these three genes. We have developed a method based on PCR that simultaneously amplifies and visualizes these three molecular markers both from RNA (one- step) and from cDNA (step two). Of the 28 samples tested, 6 (21.42%) samples were positive for FLT3 -ITD, 7 for NPM- 1 (25% ) and 4 ( 14,28 ) for AML1 -ETO . When comparing the two methods (cDNA vs RNA) by conventional techniques the obtained results from the 28 samples tested was equivalent in 100% of cases, demonstrating the robustness of this development

A virtual reality study in university classrooms: The influence of classroom colour on memory and attention

[EN] Design of teaching spaces influences the cognitive abilities of its users. Among the design variables, the colour stands out for the ease of its implementation and its aesthetic possibilities. Previous studies suggest that it can influence students' academic progress. However, due to the difficulty in studying their combinations, only a limited number of colours have been exhaustively studied. This was the objective of the present study: to contribute to the study of the effect of different colour parameters applied on the walls of university classrooms on students’ memory and attention performances. To address it, a virtual reality study was carried out with 80 university students. The colour variable was studied through two parameters: hue (8 settings) and saturation (2 settings). The resulting 16 combinations were implemented in a virtual reality university classroom. Memory performance was quantified using a psychological task of remembering an auditory word list, and attention was quantified by the reaction time to auditory stimuli. Analyses indicate that memory and attention performance is affected by some of these parameters, so they could be especially critical in the design of this type of space. Results may be of interest to different agents involved in the university classroom project, from architects and designers to the political leaders of these institutions.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad of Spain (Project BIA2017-86157-R, and PRE2018-084051)Higuera Trujillo, JL.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Iñarra Abad, S.; Serra Lluch, JDR. (2021). A virtual reality study in university classrooms: The influence of classroom colour on memory and attention. En Proceedings INNODOCT/20. International Conference on Innovation, Documentation and Education. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 129-136. https://doi.org/10.4995/INN2020.2020.11858OCS12913