Aviation Fuels and Biofuels

Aviation industry consumes about 177 billion liters of kerosene, moving more than 25,000 aircraft and 6 billion passengers. To achieve that, civil aviation in 2015 generated about 781 million tons of CO2 corresponding to 2% anthropogenic emissions of this greenhouse gas, and all required energy is derived from fossil sources. To reduce the environmental impact and to create alternative energy sources to bring energy security, it is of great importance to increase researching and development, so that it becomes viable to produce biokerosene. This chapter aims to present some varieties of biomass and its derivatives being studied as raw materials for new aviation fuels such as ethanol, butanol, fatty acid methyl esters, and fusel oil

Avaliação do óleo de crambe (crambe abyssinica hoechst) como fluido isolante em transformadores elétricos / Evaluation of crambe oil (crambe abyssinica hoechst) as insulating fluid in electric transformers

Os transformadores são importantes equipamentos no setor elétrico e para sua eficiente operação utiliza um sistema de isolamento líquido, sendo o mais utilizado o óleo mineral, que é um derivado do petróleo e não é um recurso renovável, portanto, limitado. Nesse cenário destacam-se os óleos vegetais isolantes, que derivam de fontes renováveis e limpas. O crambe (Crambe abyssinica – Família: Cruciferae) é uma oleaginosa que enquanto matéria-prima para produção de óleo vegetal, pode fornecer até 33% de óleo bruto. Estudos preliminares indicam uma ótima estabilidade oxidativa, não é tóxico, nem bioacumulativo e é facilmente biodegradável, reduzindo riscos de contaminação do solo e água. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o uso do óleo de Crambe como fluído isolante em transformadores elétricos. Primeiro o óleo bruto foi submetido ao refino e após as etapas de filtração, centrifugação, degomagem, neutralização, secagem e aditivação, o óleo foi caracterizado segundo a Norma ABNT NBR 15422. Avaliou-se, também, a compatibilidade do óleo com os componentes internos do transformador (papel kraft, borracha nitrílica, tinta, aço silício e fio de cobre) segundo a Norma ABNT NBR 16431. O óleo de Crambe após as etapas de refino apresentou características físico-químicas e dielétricas adequadas para o uso como fluido isolante em transformadores e, no teste de compatibilidade apresentou alteração apenas em uma variável e mantendo suas características nas demais

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Tratamento de Solo Contaminado com Petróleo Utilizando Tensoativos e Peróxido de Hidrogênio.

O processo de lavagem de solo com substâncias tensoativas, Lauril éter sulfato de sódio (LESS) e Lauril sulfato de sódio (SDS), foi combinado à oxidação química utilizando peróxido de hidrogênio, com vistas à remediação in situ de solo argiloso contaminado com hidrocarbonetos de petróleo. A avaliação da eficiência do processo baseou-se na remoção dos hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos e na comparação das características físicas e químicas do solo contaminado e não-contaminado oriundos da mesma região. A combinação dessas duas técnicas, lavagem do solo e aplicação de agente oxidante, apresentou-se como processo de remediação eficaz para solos argilosos contaminados com derivados de petróleo em regiões subtropicais

Petroleum Contaminated Soil Treatment Using Surfactant and Hydrogen Peroxide

The process of washing soil with surfactants, sodium lauryl ether sulphate (LESS) and sodium lauryl sulphate (SDS) was combined with chemical oxidation using hydrogen peroxide, with a view to in situ remediation of clay soil contaminated with hydrocarbons oil. The evaluation of the efficiency of the procedure was the removal of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and the comparison of physical and chemical characteristics of contaminated soil and uncontaminated from the same region. The combination of these two techniques, soil washing and application of an oxidizing agent, presented as a process of effective remediation for soils contaminated with petroleum products in subtropical regions

Otimização das condições de obtenção de biodiesel de óleo de soja utilizando o delineamento experimental de mistura.

A otimização do rendimento da reação de transesterificação de obtenção do biodiesel B100 foi estudada utilizando hidróxido de sódio, hidróxido de potássio, metóxido e etóxido de sódio como catalisadores. Foi aplicado o delineamento experimental de mistura simplex centróide e os resultados da otimização indicaram, com metanol, um rendimento de 97,61% quando se usa 30,77% de NaOH e 69,23% de metóxido de sódio e, com etanol, um rendimento de 89,32% quando se usa apenas o etóxido de sódio. A análise cromatográfica indicou que o biodiesel B100 obtido encontra-se dentro dos parâmetros estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira

Genotoxic evaluation of an industrial effluent from an oil refinery using plant and animal bioassays

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are genotoxic chemicals commonly found in effluents from oil refineries. Bioassays using plants and cells cultures can be employed for assessing environmental safety and potential genotoxicity. In this study, the genotoxic potential of an oil refinery effluent was analyzed by means of micronucleus (MN) testing of Alium cepa, which revealed no effect after 24 h of treatment. On the other hand, primary lesions in the DNA of rat (Rattus norvegicus) hepatoma cells (HTC) were observed through comet assaying after only 2 h of exposure. On considering the capacity to detect DNA damage of a different nature and of these cells to metabolize xenobiotics, we suggest the association of the two bioassays with these cell types, plant (Allium cepa) and mammal (HTC) cells, for more accurately assessing genotoxicity in environmental samples