Results of the MEDUSA analysis run on the maximum clade credibility tree from Wahlberg et al. (2009).

<p>Rate shifts were estimated for the following nodes (besides the background rate): 1) root, 2) Limenitidinae + Heliconiinae, 3) <i>Ypthima</i>, 4) <i>Charaxes</i>, 5) Ithomiini in part, 6) Satyrinae, 7) Coenonymphina 8) Phyciodina in part, 9) Danaini in part, 10) <i>Coenonympha</i>, 11) <i>Caeruleuptychia</i> + <i>Magneuptychia</i>, 12) <i>Callicore</i> + <i>Diaethria</i>, 13) Satyrina, 14) Mycalesina, 15) <i>Pedaliodes</i>, 16) <i>Dryas</i> + <i>Dryadula</i>, 17) <i>Taenaris</i>, 18) Pseudergolinae, 19) <i>Anaeomorpha</i> + <i>Hypna</i>. Circles on nodes indicate the diversification shift number as found by MEDUSA. Numbers next to circles indicate the posterior probability values for such nodes.</p

Results of MultiMEDUSA analysis showing the probability of specific nodes being characterized by significant shifts in diversification rate.

<p>Results of MultiMEDUSA analysis showing the probability of specific nodes being characterized by significant shifts in diversification rate.</p

Screenshot of voucher page in VoSeq.

<p>It shows specimen and collection data, links to DNA sequences in GenBank, local and remote BLAST tools and mash-ups with Flickr and Yahoo Maps! for voucher picture and geographic location.</p

Likelihood ratio test between the model of increased diversification of nymphalids feeding on Solanaceae against a model forcing equal speciation rates (no effect on diversification).

<p>Likelihood ratio test between the model of increased diversification of nymphalids feeding on Solanaceae against a model forcing equal speciation rates (no effect on diversification).</p

Diversification rates for taxa estimated by MultiMEDUSA on the samples of 1000 random trees.

<p>Diversification rates for taxa estimated by MultiMEDUSA on the samples of 1000 random trees.</p

Significant net diversification rate shifts found in the MEDUSA analysis of the Nymphalid maximum clade credibility tree.

<p>Shift.Node = node number, Model = preferred diversification model by MEDUSA, r = net diversification rate, LnLik.part = log likelihood value.</p><p>Significant net diversification rate shifts found in the MEDUSA analysis of the Nymphalid maximum clade credibility tree.</p

Differences in rates estimated by MEDUSA on the MCC tree from the sample of trees from the posterior distribution and the MultiMEDUSA approach. Shift consistently recovered across the sample of trees in bold face.

<p>Differences in rates estimated by MEDUSA on the MCC tree from the sample of trees from the posterior distribution and the MultiMEDUSA approach. Shift consistently recovered across the sample of trees in bold face.</p

Timing and Patterns in the Taxonomic Diversification of Lepidoptera (Butterflies and Moths)

<div><p>The macroevolutionary history of the megadiverse insect order Lepidoptera remains little-known, yet coevolutionary dynamics with their angiospermous host plants are thought to have influenced their diversification significantly. We estimate the divergence times of all higher-level lineages of Lepidoptera, including most extant families. We find that the diversification of major lineages in Lepidoptera are approximately equal in age to the crown group of angiosperms and that there appear to have been three significant increases in diversification rates among Lepidoptera over evolutionary time: 1) at the origin of the crown group of Ditrysia about 150 million years ago (mya), 2) at the origin of the stem group of Apoditrysia about 120 mya and finally 3) a spectacular increase at the origin of the stem group of the quadrifid noctuoids about 70 mya. In addition, there appears to be a significant increase in diversification rate in multiple lineages around 90 mya, which is concordant with the radiation of angiosperms. Almost all extant families appear to have begun diversifying soon after the Cretaceous/Paleogene event 65.51 mya.</p></div

Posterior densities for age estimates for the calibrated nodes based on the full analysis (light orange distribution) as well as the sequentially removed calibrations (see inset for key to colors), also the prior distribution is shown (in yellow).

<p>Posterior densities for age estimates for the calibrated nodes based on the full analysis (light orange distribution) as well as the sequentially removed calibrations (see inset for key to colors), also the prior distribution is shown (in yellow).</p

Estimated times of divergence for lineages leading to families of Lepidoptera based on 350 taxa (the full tree on which all analyses were performed is shown in Fig. S1).

<p>Changes in rates of lineage diversification based on a MEDUSA analysis (numbered nodes, see text for details) are shown on the topology with different colours corresponding to the <i>r</i> values. Time span for major eudicot radiations (according to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080875#pone.0080875-Magalln1" target="_blank">[36]</a>) is shown in green, and our estimated time span for a radiation in Lepidoptera based on our Δγ analysis (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0080875#pone-0080875-g003" target="_blank">Fig. 3</a>) is shown in orange.</p