Evaluating the effectiveness of e‐cigarettes compared with usual care for smoking cessation when offered to smokers at homeless centres: Protocol for a multi‐centre cluster randomised controlled trial in Great Britain

Background and aims: Smoking is extremely common among adults experiencing homelessness but there is lack of evidence for treatment efficacy. E-cigarettes are an effective quit aid, but they have not been widely tested in smokers with complex health and social needs. Here we build on our cluster feasibility trial and evaluate the offer of an e-cigarette or usual care to smokers accessing a homeless centre. Design: Multi-centre two-arm cluster randomised controlled trial with mixed-method embedded process and economic evaluation. Setting: Homeless centres in England, Scotland and Wales. Participants: Adult smokers (18+ years; n= 480) accessing homeless centres and who are known to centre staff and willing to consent. Intervention and comparator: Clusters (n=32) will be randomised to either an e-cigarette starter pack with weekly allocations of nicotine containing e-liquid for 4-weeks (choice of flavours (menthol, fruit and tobacco) and strengths 12 mg/mL and 18mg/mL), or the usual care intervention which comprises very brief advice and a leaflet signposting to the local stop smoking service. Measurements: The primary outcome is 24-week sustained CO validated smoking cessation (Russell Standard defined, intention-to-treat analysis). Secondary outcomes: i) Fifty percent smoking reduction (cigarettes per day) from baseline to 24 weeks; ii) 7-day point prevalence quit rates at 4-, 12- and 24-week follow-up; iii) changes in risky smoking practices (e.g. sharing cigarettes, smoking discarded cigarettes) from baseline to 4-, 12- and 24-weeks; iv) cost-effectiveness of the intervention; v) fidelity of intervention implementation; mechanisms of change; contextual influences and sustainability. Comments: This is the first study to randomly assign smokers experiencing homelessness to an e-cigarette and usual care intervention to measure smoking abstinence with embedded process and economic evaluations. If effective, the results will be used to inform the larger scale implementation of offering e-cigarettes across homeless centres to aid smoking cessation

Redox-Sensitive Disassembly of Amphiphilic Copolymer Based Micelles

Amphiphilic polymers of different hydrophilic lipophilic ratios were prepared by free radical polymerization using two monomers consisting of triethylene glycol as the hydrophilic part and an alkyl chain connected by disulfide bond as the hydrophobic part. These polymers form micelle-like nanoassemblies in aqueous media and can encapsulate hydrophobic drug molecules up to 14% of their mass. In a reducing environment, these polymeric micelles disassemble and dissolve in water, since the amphiphilic polymers are converted into hydrophilic polymers upon cleavage of the disulfide bond. This disassembly event results in the release of hydrophobic molecules that had been encapsulated inside the micelle, the rate of which was found to be dependent on the concentration of the reducing agent, glutathione (GSH). In vitro experiments also show that the GSH-dependent release of the doxorubicin can be used to effect cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells