sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231174312 - Supplemental material for Reducing Effect of a Standardized Extract of Apple Branches on Food Intake in Healthy, Nonobese Rats

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-npx-10.1177_1934578X231174312 for Reducing Effect of a Standardized Extract of Apple Branches on Food Intake in Healthy, Nonobese Rats by Mauro A.M. Carai, Erika Sitzia, and Giancarlo Colombo in Natural Product Communications</p

Anxiolytic effect of an extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots in rats

Background: Preparations from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, have been reported to induce a series of central effects, including sedation. In the wake of this ethnopharmacological information, the present study was designed to assess the anxiolytic potential of an extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots. Methods: To this end, rats were acutely treated with S. miltiorrhiza extract (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg; i.g.) and exposed to the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test. The effect of treatment with S. miltiorrhiza extract on Stress-Induced Hyperthermia (SIH; a physiological response to stressful events) was also evaluated. Results: Treatment with 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract produced robust anxiolytic effects at the EPM test; specifically, it increased (a) percent of entries into open arms, (b) percent of time spent in open arms, (c) total number of head dips, (d) number of unprotected head dips, and (e) number of end-arm explorations in open arms, without any alteration in spontaneous locomotor activity. Treatment with 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract also suppressed SIH response. The anxiolytic effects produced by 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract were comparable to those exerted by acute treatment with 1.5 mg/kg (i.p.) of the reference compound, diazepam. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the ability of an extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots to produce anxiolysis in two different rodent models of “anxiety”. Keywords: Anxiety, Rats, Salvia miltiorrhiz

Anxiolytic effect of an extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza roots in rats

Background: Preparations from roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a herb widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, have been reported to induce a series of central effects, including sedation. In the wake of this ethnopharmacological information, the present study was designed to assess the anxiolytic potential of an extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots. Methods: To this end, rats were acutely treated with S. miltiorrhiza extract (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg; i.g.) and exposed to the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test. The effect of treatment with S. miltiorrhiza extract on Stress-Induced Hyperthermia (SIH; a physiological response to stressful events) was also evaluated. Results: Treatment with 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract produced robust anxiolytic effects at the EPM test; specifically, it increased (a) percent of entries into open arms, (b) percent of time spent in open arms, (c) total number of head dips, (d) number of unprotected head dips, and (e) number of end-arm explorations in open arms, without any alteration in spontaneous locomotor activity. Treatment with 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract also suppressed SIH response. The anxiolytic effects produced by 100 mg/kg S. miltiorrhiza extract were comparable to those exerted by acute treatment with 1.5 mg/kg (i.p.) of the reference compound, diazepam. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the ability of an extract of S. miltiorrhiza roots to produce anxiolysis in two different rodent models of “anxiety”. Keywords: Anxiety, Rats, Salvia miltiorrhiz

Anxiety-like behaviors at the end of the nocturnal period in sP rats with a “history” of unpredictable, limited access to alcohol.

10nononeRecent research found that exposure of selectively bred, Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) rats to multiple alcohol concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%, v/v), under the 4-bottle "alcohol vs. water" choice regimen, in daily 1-h drinking sessions with an unpredictable time schedule, promoted high intakes of alcohol (≥2 g/kg) when the drinking session occurred over the final hours of the dark phase of the light/dark cycle. The present study investigated whether these high intakes of alcohol (a) were associated with alterations in rats' emotional state (Experiment 1) and (b) were pharmacologically manipulable (Experiment 2). In both experiments, over a period of 12 days, sP rats were initially exposed daily to a 1-h drinking session during the dark phase; time of alcohol exposure was changed each day and was unpredictable to rats. The day after this 12-day drinking phase, rats were (a) exposed to the Social Interaction (SI) test at the 1st or 12th hour of the dark phase with no alcohol available (Experiment 1) or (b) treated with the positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, GS39783 (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, intragastrically [i.g.]), and exposed to a drinking session at the 12th hour of the dark phase (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, rats exposed to the SI test during the 12th hour spent approximately 35% less time in "social" behaviors than rats exposed to the SI test during the 1st hour. No difference in "social" behaviors was observed between alcohol-naive sP rats exposed to the SI test at the 1st and 12th hour. In Experiment 2, all doses of GS39783 selectively reduced alcohol intake. These results suggest that (a) expectation of alcohol availability likely exacerbated the anxiety-like state of sP rats and (b) the GABAB receptor is part of the neural substrate underlying these exceptionally high intakes of alcohol in sP rats.openColombo, G.; Lobina, C.; Maccioni, P.; Carai, M. A. M.; Lorrai, I.; Zaru, A.; Contini, A.; Mugnaini, Claudia; Corelli, Federico; Gessa, G.Colombo, G.; Lobina, C.; Maccioni, P.; Carai, M. A. M.; Lorrai, I.; Zaru, A.; Contini, A.; Mugnaini, Claudia; Corelli, Federico; Gessa, G