Quantum field theory of photons with orbital angular momentum

A quantum-field-theory approach is put forward to generalize the concept of classical spatial light beams carrying orbital angular momentum to the single-photon level. This quantization framework is carried out both in the paraxial and nonparaxial regimes. Upon extension to the optical phase space, closed-form expressions are found for a photon Wigner representation describing transformations on the orbital Poincaré sphere of unitarily related families of paraxial spatial modes

RegulonDB v12.0: a comprehensive resource of transcriptional regulation in E. coli K-12

RegulonDB is a database that contains the most comprehensive corpus of knowledge of the regulation of transcription initiation of Escherichia coli K-12, including data from both classical molecular biology and high-throughput methodologies. Here, we describe biological advances since our last NAR paper of 2019. We explain the changes to satisfy FAIR requirements. We also present a full reconstruction of the RegulonDB computational infrastructure, which has significantly improved data storage, retrieval and accessibility and thus supports a more intuitive and user-friendly experience. The integration of graphical tools provides clear visual representations of genetic regulation data, facilitating data interpretation and knowledge integration. RegulonDB version 12.0 can be accessed at https://regulondb.ccg.unam.mx.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); National Institute of General Medical Sciences—National Institutes of Health (NIGMS-NIH) [GM077678, 5RO1GM131643]; P.L. also acknowledges a postdoctoral fellowship from the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico—Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM); Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI). Funding for open access charge: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).Peer Reviewed"Article signat per 25autors/es: Heladia Salgado, Socorro Gama-Castro, Paloma Lara, Citlalli Mejia-Almonte, Gabriel Alarcón-Carranza, Andrés G López-Almazo, Felipe Betancourt-Figueroa, Pablo Peña-Loredo, Shirley Alquicira-Hernández, Daniela Ledezma-Tejeida, Lizeth Arizmendi-Zagal, Francisco Mendez-Hernandez, Ana K Diaz-Gomez, Elizabeth Ochoa-Praxedis, Luis J Muñiz-Rascado, Jair S García-Sotelo, Fanny A Flores-Gallegos, Laura Gómez, César Bonavides-Martínez, Víctor M del Moral-Chávez, Alfredo J Hernández-Alvarez, Alberto Santos-Zavaleta, Salvador Capella-Gutierrez, Josep Lluis Gelpi, Julio Collado-Vides"Postprint (published version

A cross population between D. kaki and D. virginiana shows high variability for saline tolerance and improved salt stress tolerance

[EN] Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) production is facing important problems related to climate change in the Mediterranean areas. One of them is soil salinization caused by the decrease and change of the rainfall distribution. In this context, there is a need to develop cultivars adapted to the increasingly challenging soil conditions. In this study, a backcross between (D. kaki x D. virginiana) x D. kaki was conducted, to unravel the mechanism involved in salinity tolerance of persimmon. The backcross involved the two species most used as rootstock for persimmon production. Both species are clearly distinct in their level of tolerance to salinity. Variables related to growth, leaf gas exchange, leaf water relations and content of nutrients were significantly affected by saline stress in the backcross population. Water flow regulation appears as a mechanism of salt tolerance in persimmon via differences in water potential and transpiration rate, which reduces ion entrance in the plant. Genetic expression of eight putative orthologous genes involved in different mechanisms leading to salt tolerance was analyzed. Differences in expression levels among populations under saline or control treatment were found. The 'High affinity potassium transporter' (HKT1-like) reduced its expression levels in the roots in all studied populations. Results obtained allowed selection of tolerant rootstocks genotypes and describe the hypothesis about the mechanisms involved in salt tolerance in persimmon that will be useful for breeding salinity tolerant rootstocks.This study was funded by the IVIA and the European Funds for Regional Development. F. G.M.was funded by a PhD fellowship from the European Social Fund and the Generalitat Valenciana (ACIF/2016/115). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.Gil Muñoz, F.; Pérez-Pérez, JG.; Quiñones, A.; Primo-Capella, A.; Cebolla Cornejo, J.; Forner Giner, MA.; Badenes Catala, M.... (2020). A cross population between D. kaki and D. virginiana shows high variability for saline tolerance and improved salt stress tolerance. PLoS ONE. 15(2):1-27. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229023S127152Visconti, F., de Paz, J. M., Bonet, L., Jordà, M., Quiñones, A., & Intrigliolo, D. S. (2015). Effects of a commercial calcium protein hydrolysate on the salt tolerance of Diospyros kaki L. cv. «Rojo Brillante» grafted on Diospyros lotus L. Scientia Horticulturae, 185, 129-138. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.01.028Forner-Giner, M. A., & Ancillo, G. (2013). Breeding Salinity Tolerance in Citrus Using Rootstocks. Salt Stress in Plants, 355-376. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6108-1_14Visconti, F., Intrigliolo, D. S., Quiñones, A., Tudela, L., Bonet, L., & de Paz, J. M. (2017). Differences in specific chloride toxicity to Diospyros kaki cv. «Rojo Brillante» grafted on D. lotus and D. virginiana. Scientia Horticulturae, 214, 83-90. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2016.11.025INCESU, M., CIMEN, B., YESILOGLU, T., & YILMAZ, B. (2014). Growth and Photosynthetic Response of Two Persimmon Rootstocks (Diospyros kaki and D. virginiana) under Different Salinity Levels. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 42(2), 386-391. doi:10.15835/nbha4229471De Paz, J. M., Visconti, F., Chiaravalle, M., & Quiñones, A. (2016). Determination of persimmon leaf chloride contents using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 408(13), 3537-3545. doi:10.1007/s00216-016-9430-2Gil-Muñoz, F., Peche, P. M., Climent, J., Forner, M. A., Naval, M. M., & Badenes, M. L. (2018). Breeding and screening persimmon rootstocks for saline stress tolerance. 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Science, 280(5371), 1943-1945. doi:10.1126/science.280.5371.1943Halfter, U., Ishitani, M., & Zhu, J.-K. (2000). The Arabidopsis SOS2 protein kinase physically interacts with and is activated by the calcium-binding protein SOS3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(7), 3735-3740. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3735Liu, J., Ishitani, M., Halfter, U., Kim, C.-S., & Zhu, J.-K. (2000). The Arabidopsis thaliana SOS2 gene encodes a protein kinase that is required for salt tolerance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(7), 3730-3734. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3730Hrabak, E. M., Chan, C. W. M., Gribskov, M., Harper, J. F., Choi, J. H., Halford, N., … Harmon, A. C. (2003). The Arabidopsis CDPK-SnRK Superfamily of Protein Kinases. Plant Physiology, 132(2), 666-680. doi:10.1104/pp.102.011999Shi, H., Ishitani, M., Kim, C., & Zhu, J.-K. (2000). The Arabidopsis thaliana salt tolerance gene SOS1 encodes a putative Na+/H+ antiporter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97(12), 6896-6901. doi:10.1073/pnas.120170197Qiu, Q.-S., Guo, Y., Dietrich, M. A., Schumaker, K. S., & Zhu, J.-K. (2002). Regulation of SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ exchanger in Arabidopsis thaliana, by SOS2 and SOS3. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(12), 8436-8441. doi:10.1073/pnas.122224699Quintero, F. J., Ohta, M., Shi, H., Zhu, J.-K., & Pardo, J. M. (2002). Reconstitution in yeast of the Arabidopsis SOS signaling pathway for Na+ homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 99(13), 9061-9066. doi:10.1073/pnas.132092099Quan, R., Lin, H., Mendoza, I., Zhang, Y., Cao, W., Yang, Y., … Guo, Y. (2007). SCABP8/CBL10, a Putative Calcium Sensor, Interacts with the Protein Kinase SOS2 to Protect Arabidopsis Shoots from Salt Stress. The Plant Cell, 19(4), 1415-1431. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.042291Quintero, F. J., Martinez-Atienza, J., Villalta, I., Jiang, X., Kim, W.-Y., Ali, Z., … Pardo, J. M. (2011). Activation of the plasma membrane Na/H antiporter Salt-Overly-Sensitive 1 (SOS1) by phosphorylation of an auto-inhibitory C-terminal domain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(6), 2611-2616. doi:10.1073/pnas.1018921108Ji, H., Pardo, J. M., Batelli, G., Van Oosten, M. J., Bressan, R. A., & Li, X. (2013). The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) Pathway: Established and Emerging Roles. Molecular Plant, 6(2), 275-286. doi:10.1093/mp/sst017Isayenkov, S. V., & Maathuis, F. J. M. (2019). Plant Salinity Stress: Many Unanswered Questions Remain. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00080Evans, A. R., Hall, D., Pritchard, J., & Newbury, H. J. (2011). The roles of the cation transporters CHX21 and CHX23 in the development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(1), 59-67. doi:10.1093/jxb/err271Uozumi, N., Kim, E. J., Rubio, F., Yamaguchi, T., Muto, S., Tsuboi, A., … Schroeder, J. I. (2000). The Arabidopsis HKT1 Gene Homolog Mediates Inward Na+ Currents in Xenopus laevis Oocytes and Na+ Uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae  . Plant Physiology, 122(4), 1249-1260. doi:10.1104/pp.122.4.1249Mäser, P., Eckelman, B., Vaidyanathan, R., Horie, T., Fairbairn, D. J., Kubo, M., … Schroeder, J. I. (2002). Altered shoot/root Na+ distribution and bifurcating salt sensitivity in Arabidopsis by genetic disruption of the Na+ transporter AtHKT1. FEBS Letters, 531(2), 157-161. doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03488-9Berthomieu, P. (2003). Functional analysis of AtHKT1 in Arabidopsis shows that Na+ recirculation by the phloem is crucial for salt tolerance. The EMBO Journal, 22(9), 2004-2014. doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg207Rus, A., Lee, B., Muñoz-Mayor, A., Sharkhuu, A., Miura, K., Zhu, J.-K., … Hasegawa, P. M. (2004). AtHKT1 Facilitates Na+ Homeostasis and K+ Nutrition in Planta. Plant Physiology, 136(1), 2500-2511. doi:10.1104/pp.104.042234Sunarpi, Horie, T., Motoda, J., Kubo, M., Yang, H., Yoda, K., … Uozumi, N. (2005). Enhanced salt tolerance mediated by AtHKT1 transporter-induced Na+ unloading from xylem vessels to xylem parenchyma cells. The Plant Journal, 44(6), 928-938. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02595.xHuang, S., Spielmeyer, W., Lagudah, E. S., James, R. A., Platten, J. D., Dennis, E. S., & Munns, R. (2006). A Sodium Transporter (HKT7) Is a Candidate forNax1, a Gene for Salt Tolerance in Durum Wheat. Plant Physiology, 142(4), 1718-1727. doi:10.1104/pp.106.088864Byrt, C. S., Platten, J. D., Spielmeyer, W., James, R. A., Lagudah, E. S., Dennis, E. S., … Munns, R. (2007). HKT1;5-Like Cation Transporters Linked to Na+ Exclusion Loci in Wheat, Nax2 and Kna1. Plant Physiology, 143(4), 1918-1928. doi:10.1104/pp.106.093476Garciadeblás, B., Senn, M. E., Bañuelos, M. A., & Rodríguez-Navarro, A. (2003). Sodium transport and HKT transporters: the rice model. 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Little evidence for association between the TGFBR1*6A variant and colorectal cancer: a family-based association study on non-syndromic family members from Australia and Spain

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Genome-wide linkage studies have identified the 9q22 chromosomal region as linked with colorectal cancer (CRC) predisposition. A candidate gene in this region is transforming growth factor β receptor 1 (TGFBR1). Investigation of TGFBR1 has focused on the common genetic variant rs11466445, a short exonic deletion of nine base pairs which results in truncation of a stretch of nine alanine residues to six alanine residues in the gene product. While the six alanine (*6A) allele has been reported to be associated with increased risk of CRC in some population based study groups this association remains the subject of robust debate. To date, reports have been limited to population-based case–control association studies, or case–control studies of CRC families selecting one affected individual per family. No study has yet taken advantage of all the genetic information provided by multiplex CRC families

MLH1-methylated endometrial cancer under 60 years of age as the “sentinel” cancer in female carriers of high-risk constitutional MLH1 epimutation

Objective. Universal screening of endometrial carcinoma (EC) for mismatch repair deficiency (MMRd) and Lynch syndrome uses presence of MLH1 methylation to omit common sporadic cases from follow-up germline testing. However, this overlooks rare cases with high-risk constitutional MLH1 methylation (epimutation), a poorly-recognized mechanism that predisposes to Lynch-type cancers with MLH1 methylation. We aimed to de-termine the role and frequency of constitutional MLH1 methylation among EC cases with MMRd, MLH1- methylated tumors.Methods. We screened blood for constitutional MLH1 methylation using pyrosequencing and real-time methylation-specific PCR in patients with MMRd, MLH1-methylated EC ascertained from (i) cancer clinics (n = 4, <60 years), and (ii) two population-based cohorts; Columbus-area (n = 68, all ages) and Ohio Colo-rectal Cancer Prevention Initiative (OCCPI) (n = 24, <60 years).Results. Constitutional MLH1 methylation was identified in three out of four patients diagnosed between 36 and 59 years from cancer clinics. Two had mono-/hemiallelic epimutation (similar to 50% alleles methylated). One with multiple primaries had low-level mosaicism in normal tissues and somatic second-hits affecting the unmethylated allele in all tumors, demonstrating causation. In the population-based cohorts, all 68 cases from the Columbus-area cohort were negative and low-level mosaic constitutional MLH1 methylation was identified in one patient aged 36 years out of 24 from the OCCPI cohort, representing one of six (similar to 17%) patients <50 years and one of 45 patients (similar to 2%) <60 years in the combined cohorts. EC was the first/dual-first cancer in three pa-tients with underlying constitutional MLH1 methylation.Conclusions. A correct diagnosis at first presentation of cancer is important as it will significantly alter clinical management. Screening for constitutional MLH1 methylation is warranted in patients with early-onset EC or syn-chronous/metachronous tumors (any age) displaying MLH1 methylation.(c) 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Colorectal Cancer Genetic Variants Are Also Associated with Serrated Polyposis Syndrome Susceptibility

Background Serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) is a clinical entity characterised by large and/ormultiple serrated polyps throughout the colon and increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). The basis for SPS genetic predisposition is largely unknown. Common, low-penetrance genetic variants have been consistently associated with CRC susceptibility, however, their role in SPS genetic predisposition has not been yet explored. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate if common, low-penetrance genetic variants for CRC risk are also implicated in SPS genetic susceptibility. Methods A case-control study was performed in 219 SPS patients and 548 asymptomatic controls analysing 65 CRC susceptibility variants. A risk prediction model for SPS predisposition was developed. Results Statistically significant associations with SPS were found for seven genetic variants (rs4779584-GREM1, rs16892766-EIF3H, rs3217810-CCND2, rs992157-PNKD1/TMBIM1, rs704017-ZMIZ1, rs11196172-TCF7L2, rs6061231-LAMA5). TheGREM1risk allele was remarkably over-represented in SPS cases compared with controls (OR=1.573, 1.21-2.04, p value=0.0006). A fourfold increase in SPS risk was observed when comparing subjects within the highest decile of variants (>= 65) with those in the first decile (<= 50). Conclusions Genetic variants for CRC risk are also involved in SPS susceptibility, being the most relevant ones rs4779584-GREM1, rs16892766-EIF3Hand rs3217810-CCND2.CA--C, JM and JJL were supported by a contract from CIBEREHD. YSdL was supported by a fellowship (LCF/BQ/DI18/11660058) from 'la Caixa' Foundation (ID 100010434) funded EU Horizon 2020 Programme (Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 713673). LB was supported by a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-32593) and MD-G by a contract from Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR, (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2018FI_B1_00213). CIBEREHD, CIBERER, CIBERESP and CIBERONC are funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III. This research was supported by grants from Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria/FEDER (14/00613, 16/00766, 17/00509, 17/00878), Fundacion Cientifica de la Asociacion Espanola contra el Cancer (GCB13131592CAST), Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, co-funded by FEDER funds, (SAF201680888--R), PERIS (SLT002/16/00398, SLT002/16/0037, Generalitat de Catalunya), CERCA Programme (Generalitat de Catalunya) and Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (Generalitat de Catalunya, GRPRE 2017SGR21, GRC 2017SGR653, 2017SGR1282, 2017SGR723). This article is based upon work from COST Action CA17118, supported by European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST). www.cost.eu

The use of caspase inhibitors in pulsed-field gel electrophoresis may improve the estimation of radiation-induced DNA repair and apoptosis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Radiation-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair can be tested by using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) in agarose-encapsulated cells. However, previous studies have reported that this assay is impaired by the spontaneous DNA breakage in this medium. We investigated the mechanisms of this fragmentation with the principal aim of eliminating it in order to improve the estimation of radiation-induced DNA repair.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Samples from cancer cell cultures or xenografted tumours were encapsulated in agarose plugs. The cell plugs were then irradiated, incubated to allow them to repair, and evaluated by PFGE, caspase-3, and histone H2AX activation (γH2AX). In addition, apoptosis inhibition was evaluated through chemical caspase inhibitors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We confirmed that spontaneous DNA fragmentation was associated with the process of encapsulation, regardless of whether cells were irradiated or not. This DNA fragmentation was also correlated to apoptosis activation in a fraction of the cells encapsulated in agarose, while non-apoptotic cell fraction could rejoin DNA fragments as was measured by γH2AX decrease and PFGE data. We were able to eliminate interference of apoptosis by applying specific caspase inhibitors, and improve the estimation of DNA repair, and apoptosis itself.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The estimation of radiation-induced DNA repair by PFGE may be improved by the use of apoptosis inhibitors. The ability to simultaneously determine DNA repair and apoptosis, which are involved in cell fate, provides new insights for using the PFGE methodology as functional assay.</p

Phase I, multicenter, open-label study of intravenous VCN-01 oncolytic adenovirus with or without nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumors

Background VCN-01 is an oncolytic adenovirus (Ad5 based) designed to replicate in cancer cells with dysfunctional RB1 pathway, express hyaluronidase to enhance virus intratumoral spread and facilitate chemotherapy and immune cells extravasation into the tumor. This phase I clinical trial was aimed to find the maximum tolerated dose/recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) of the intravenous delivery of the replication-competent VCN-01 adenovirus in patients with advanced cancer. Methods Part I: patients with advanced refractory solid tumors received one single dose of VCN-01. Parts II and III: patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma received VCN-01 (only in cycle 1) and nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine (VCN-concurrent on day 1 in Part II, and 7days before chemotherapy in Part III). Patients were required to have anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibody (NAbs) titers lower than 1/350 dilution. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses were performed. Results 26% of the patients initially screened were excluded based on high NAbs levels. Sixteen and 12 patients were enrolled in Part I and II, respectively: RP2D were 1 x10(13) viral particles (vp)/patient (Part I), and 3.3x10(12) vp/patient (Part II). Fourteen patients were included in Part Ill: there were no DLTs and the RP2D was 1 x10(13) vp/patient. Observed DLTs were grade 4 aspartate aminotransferase increase in one patient (Part I, 1x10(13) vp), grade 4 febrile neutropenia in one patient and grade 5 thrombocytopenia plus enterocolitis in another patient (Part II, 1 x10(13) vp). In patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma overall response rate were 50% (Part II) and 50% (Part III). VCN-01 viral genomes were detected in tumor tissue in five out of six biopsies (day 8). A second viral plasmatic peak and increased hyaluronidase serum levels suggested replication after intravenous injection in all patients. Increased levels of immune biomarkers (interferon- r,soluble lymphocyte activation ne-3, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10) were found after VCN-01 administration. Conclusions Treatment with VCN-01 is feasible and has an acceptable safety. Encouraging biological and clinical activity was observed when administered in combination with nab-paditaxel plus gemcitabine to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma

The apparent genetic anticipation in PMS2-associated Lynch syndrome families is explained by birth cohort effect

BACKGROUND: PMS2-associated Lynch syndrome is characterized by a relatively low colorectal cancer penetrance compared with other Lynch syndromes. However, age at colorectal cancer diagnosis varies widely, and a strong genetic anticipation effect has been suggested for PMS2 families. In this study, we examined proposed genetic anticipation in a sample of 152 European PMS2 families. METHODS: The 152 families (637 family members) that were eligible for analysis were mainly clinically ascertained via clinical genetics centers. We used weighted Cox-type random effects model, adjusted by birth cohort and sex, to estimate the generational effect on the age of onset of colorectal cancer. Probands and young birth cohorts were excluded from the analyses. Weights represented mutation probabilities based on kinship coefficients, thus avoiding testing bias. RESULTS: Family data across three generations, including 123 colorectal cancers, were analyzed. When compared with the first generation, the crude HR for anticipation was 2.242 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.162-4.328] for the second generation and 2.644 (95% CI, 1.082-6.464) for the third generation. However, after correction for birth cohort and sex, the effect vanished [HR = 1.302 (95% CI, 0.648-2.619) and HR = 1.074 (95% CI, 0.406-2.842) for second and third generations, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not confirm previous reports of genetic anticipation in PMS2-associated Lynch syndrome. Birth-cohort effect seems the most likely explanation for observed younger colorectal cancer diagnosis in subsequent generations, particularly because there is currently no commonly accepted biological mechanism that could explain genetic anticipation in Lynch syndrome. IMPACT: This new model for studying genetic anticipation provides a standard for rigorous analysis of families with dominantly inherited cancer predisposition

Polymorphisms within inflammatory genes and colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND: Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for colorectal cancer and polymorphisms in the inflammatory genes could modulate the levels of inflammation. We have investigated ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the following inflammation-related genes: TLR4 (Asp299Gly), CD14 (-260 T>C), MCP1 (-2518 A>G), IL12A (+7506 A>T, +8707 A>G, +9177 T>A, +9508 G>A), NOS2A (+524T>C), TNF (-857C>T), and PTGS1 (V444I) in 377 colorectal (CRC) cancer cases and 326 controls from Barcelona (Spain). RESULTS: There was no statistically significant association between the SNPs investigated and colorectal cancer risk. CONCLUSION: The lack of association may show that the inflammatory genes selected for this study are not involved in the carcinogenic process of colorectum. Alternatively, the negative results may derive from no particular biological effect of the analysed polymorphisms in relation to CRC. Otherwise, the eventual biological effect is so little to go undetected, unless analysing a much larger sample size