92 research outputs found
Confinement et déconfinement énergétique des secteurs du bùtiment et des transports
En imposant le confinement des populations, la pandémie du Covid-19 a brutalement freiné de nombreuses activités économiques. Rapidement, les impacts sociaux, environnementaux et climatiques se sont fait sentir sur tous les continents.
La prise de conscience des consĂ©quences de cette pandĂ©mie et du confinement interroge les façons de consommer, de travailler, de se dĂ©placer et d'habiter, les modes de vie prĂ©sents et futurs. Ainsi, dans l'incertitude, se posent une Ă©niĂšme fois les questions relatives aux stratĂ©gies de croissance ou de dĂ©croissance pour le xxie siĂšcle et notamment celles relatives Ă la mise en Ćuvre d'une transition Ă©nergĂ©tique.
En effet, dans de nombreux pays, le secteur du bùtiment, trÚs consommateur d'énergie, peine toujours à engager effectivement sa transition énergétique et avance à petits pas. Quant au secteur des transports, important émetteur de gaz à effet de serre, durement éprouvé par le confinement, il semble finalement contraint de s'y engager mais à marche forcée. Dans ce contexte, penser le monde aprÚs la pandémie invite à s'interroger sur les difficultés qu'ont ces deux secteurs économiques majeurs à faire leur transition énergétique.
L'article a pour objectif de mettre en Ă©vidence des rĂ©flexions prospectives permettant de repenser les problĂ©matiques Ă©nergĂ©tiques des secteurs du bĂątiment et des transports. Pour cela, l'approche systĂ©mique est mise en Ćuvre afin d'apprĂ©hender la complexitĂ© du confinement des consciences dans des modĂšles Ă penser les questions Ă©nergĂ©tiques. Des exemples montrent les limites de ces modĂšles. Ils illustrent le confinement dans le modĂšle thermo-industriel, dans des biais cognitifs et la prĂ©gnance des macro-systĂšmes techniques du passĂ©. Enfin, des pistes d'un dĂ©confinement Ă©nergĂ©tique sont proposĂ©es afin d'Ă©valuer les conditions Ă©pistĂ©mologiques d'une transition Ă©nergĂ©tique complexe
Contribution to the Thermal Renovation of Old Buildings: Numerical and Experimental Approach for Characterizing a Double Window
AbstractIn a global context of climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, the construction sector has a great potential for energy savings and environmental impact reduction. Nearly two-thirds of French buildings were built without any existing thermal regulation: thermal renovation of these buildings is a priority. However, some of these buildings are classified as âhistorical heritage remarkable architectureâ; this strong constraint does not allow the use of traditional renovation methods. This study aims to characterize the thermal behavior of a double window. A numerical thermal model is developed taking into account the heat and mass transfer in the double window. A specific experimental platform has also been designed and built to experimentally characterize the behavior of the double window and to validate the developed numerical model. A simulation protocol was then defined and implemented in order to outline the key parameters and therefore make recommendations for double window implementation and their design.The numerical and experimental results were used to characterize the influence of the thickness of the air gap of the double window, the thermal inertia of the facade and the ventilation strategies
Differentes sources dâerreurs dans le diagnostic de performance Ă©nergĂ©tique pour les bĂątiments
Parmi les diffĂ©rents diagnostics mis en oeuvre dans le bĂątiment, le diagnostic de performance Ă©nergĂ©tique (DPE) renseigne sur la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique en Ă©valuant sa consommation d'Ă©nergie et son impact en termes d'Ă©mission de gaz Ă effet de serre. Le contenu et les modalitĂ©s d'Ă©tablissement du DPE sont rĂ©glementĂ©s en France depuis plus de 10 ans. Les DPE ont ainsi produit des donnĂ©es, des rapports, des guides, des logiciels... utilisĂ©s pour Ă©laborer les stratĂ©gies de rĂ©habilitation Ă©nergĂ©tique du parc immobilier. Mais aujourdâhui les retours dâexpĂ©riences interrogent la qualitĂ© de ces DPE. En effet, alors que ces diagnostics influencent le marchĂ© de lâimmobilier, diffĂ©rentes enquĂȘtes ont montrĂ© quâils manquaient de fiabilitĂ©... Dans ces conditions, il semble difficile dâassurer la qualitĂ© des prises de dĂ©cision pour une transition Ă©nergĂ©tique efficace dans le secteur du bĂątiment. Il apparaĂźt que lâĂ©valuation de la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique des bĂątiments relĂšve dâune problĂ©matique complexe qui fait appel Ă un ensemble de connaissances dans des domaines variĂ©s. DĂ©finir la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique dâun bĂątiment renvoie Ă toutes les difficultĂ©s de comprĂ©hension posĂ©es par l'apprĂ©hension d'une rĂ©alitĂ© complexe. Cet article prĂ©sente comment la vision systĂ©mique permet dâapprĂ©hender la problĂ©matique complexe de lâĂ©valuation de la performance Ă©nergĂ©tique des bĂątiments. Avec plusieurs exemples, il montre comment la modĂ©lisation des systĂšmes, lâidentification des facteurs complexes et leurs influences vont permettre de caractĂ©riser les diffĂ©rentes sources d'erreurs. Enfin, lâarticle propose des actions visant Ă rĂ©duire ces sources dâerreurs et Ă amĂ©liorer lâintĂ©gration des exigences du dĂ©veloppement durable dans le secteur du bĂątiment
The bidirectional association between maternal speech and child characteristics
Our aim was to assess whether infants influence the quantity and quality of their mothersâ speech
to them and, in turn, whether this maternal speech influences childrenâs later language. As 189 mothers interacted with each of their twins at 0;5, we calculated the number of utterances, the proportion of sensitive utterances, and the proportion of self-repeated utterances they produced. We later assessed the twinsâ language comprehension and production when they were 1;6, 2;6, and 5;2. Quantity of maternal speech predicted child language at 5;2, whereas sensitivity predicted child language at 2;6 and 5;2 and partial self-repetition predicted child language at 1;6. Conversely, sensitivity and partial self-repetition in maternal speech at 0;5 were associated with genetic factors from the child, indicating that infant characteristics influence the quality of maternal speech. Overall, our findings stress the importance of considering both directions in the association between maternal speech and child characteristics
De lâinterprĂ©tation systĂ©mique du projet de rĂ©habiliter un bĂątiment
The target of retrofitting project only cannot be to retrofit a building. It must also modify the building integrating the new constraints of sustainable development, the energy model transition and climate change. Thus, for several years, the environment of retrofitting projects become more complex, and for reaching the highest levels of energy and environmental performance during the rehabilitation of an existing building, it is necessary to consider the complexity of the retrofitting action.In this context, a project can be viewed as a system of actions in order to convert or refurbish the building system. This interpretation is based on concepts of the systemic approach and on a generic representation with a combination having presided at the project invention.The structural and functional approaches provide a generic representation of a distanced and global view of the complexity of the retrofitting project, which as a system evolves along a path combining anticipation, caesura and virtualization.In this paper, the complex environment of the retrofitting project is presented. Different concepts of the systemic approach used to deal with the complexity of the retrofitting project are described. A chronicle of project allows to elaborate a generic representation of project. Finally, this representation is complemented by elements of systemic modeling for differently interpreting the retrofitting project
Strategies dâidentification des data utiles Ă la conduite dâopĂ©rations de construction
Lors de la conduite dâopĂ©rations de construction impliquant de nombreux acteurs et des secteurs industriels diffĂ©rents, une pensĂ©e managĂ©riale standardisĂ©e accompagnĂ©e de lâexplosion de data rĂ©duit la crĂ©ativitĂ© sans toujours prouver son efficacitĂ©. Ce constat est illustrĂ© dans les domaines de la construction et de la gestion dâinfrastructures de transport, de projets industriels et dâĂ©quipements structurant un territoire. Mais comment, dans cette profusion informationnelle, identifer les data utiles Ă la conduite dâopĂ©rations de construction ? Revenant Ă la notion primordiale dâactivitĂ©, lâarticle montre comment les paradigmes des modĂšles de production se sont succĂ©dĂ©s dans lâĂ©volution de la rĂ©alisation des artĂ©facts nĂ©cessaires Ă lâhomme, et ont gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© des modĂšles de reprĂ©sentation et de pilotage. La pensĂ©e systĂ©mique est mise en Ćuvre afin de reformuler les modĂšles prĂ©cĂ©demment identifiĂ©s. Lâarticle met en Ă©vidence les objets, les relations et les opĂ©rations des diffĂ©rents systĂ©mes artisanaux, manufacturiers, industriels... et lâinstallation des TIC comme systĂšme additionnel. Lâarticle constate que ce dernier systĂšme apporte une novation importante dans lâĂ©change informationnel qui ne sâexerce plus uniquement entre humains, et montre la nĂ©cessitĂ© dâune diffĂ©renciation entre information et data. La conduite de ce polysystĂšme ne peut ĂȘtre assurĂ© quâen respectant la variĂ©tĂ© des paradigmes et des cultures techniques des diffĂ©rents systĂšmes qui le constituent. Ainsi il est nĂ©cessaire de savoir repĂ©rer et extraire les datautiles Ă traiter, les relations et les opĂ©rations qui existent dans les systĂšmes dotĂ©s de paradigmes dominants (Droit, Subordination, Norme, Commerce, CybernĂ©tique, etc.). Cette Ă©tude de la conduite dâopĂ©rations contribue Ă lâĂ©mergence de stratĂ©gies visant Ă appliquer des TIC nâappauvrissant pas la variĂ©tĂ© des systĂšmes humains, câest-Ă -dire ne mutilant pas leur capacitĂ© de crĂ©ation. Distinguer lâinformation comme phĂ©nomĂšne du monde organisĂ© et les data comme matiĂšre premiĂšre du monde des artĂ©facts numĂ©riques devrait permettre de rĂ©concilier crĂ©ativitĂ© et efficacitĂ©
In-Datacenter Performance Analysis of a Tensor Processing Unit
Many architects believe that major improvements in cost-energy-performance
must now come from domain-specific hardware. This paper evaluates a custom
ASIC---called a Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)---deployed in datacenters since
2015 that accelerates the inference phase of neural networks (NN). The heart of
the TPU is a 65,536 8-bit MAC matrix multiply unit that offers a peak
throughput of 92 TeraOps/second (TOPS) and a large (28 MiB) software-managed
on-chip memory. The TPU's deterministic execution model is a better match to
the 99th-percentile response-time requirement of our NN applications than are
the time-varying optimizations of CPUs and GPUs (caches, out-of-order
execution, multithreading, multiprocessing, prefetching, ...) that help average
throughput more than guaranteed latency. The lack of such features helps
explain why, despite having myriad MACs and a big memory, the TPU is relatively
small and low power. We compare the TPU to a server-class Intel Haswell CPU and
an Nvidia K80 GPU, which are contemporaries deployed in the same datacenters.
Our workload, written in the high-level TensorFlow framework, uses production
NN applications (MLPs, CNNs, and LSTMs) that represent 95% of our datacenters'
NN inference demand. Despite low utilization for some applications, the TPU is
on average about 15X - 30X faster than its contemporary GPU or CPU, with
TOPS/Watt about 30X - 80X higher. Moreover, using the GPU's GDDR5 memory in the
TPU would triple achieved TOPS and raise TOPS/Watt to nearly 70X the GPU and
200X the CPU.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figures, 8 tables. To appear at the 44th International
Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA), Toronto, Canada, June 24-28, 201
Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19
Background: We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15â20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. Methods: We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. Results: No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5â528.7, P = 1.1 Ă 10â4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3â8.2], P = 2.1 Ă 10â4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1â2635.4], P = 3.4 Ă 10â3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3â8.4], P = 7.7 Ă 10â8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 Ă 10â5). Conclusions: Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old
Défis de conservation et de réhabilitation du patrimoine industriel bùti face au changement climatique
Depuis le XVIIIe siĂšcle, les activitĂ©s industrielles ont gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© un patrimoine industriel bĂąti dont la richesse architecturale tĂ©moigne de nombreuses innovations constructives. En dĂ©laissant les matĂ©riaux naturels pour recourir aux matĂ©riaux artificiels, et en intĂ©grant une nouvelle logique constructive, le secteur du bĂątiment sâest industrialisĂ©e. SimultanĂ©ment, lâessor des activitĂ©s industrielles, fortement consommatrices dâĂ©nergies fossiles, a contribuĂ© Ă une augmentation anthropique des Ă©missions de gaz Ă effet de serre qui ont transformĂ© lâatmosphĂšre terrestre. Aujourdâhui, lâĂ©volution du climat implique des risques variables pour le patrimoine, et les impacts du changement climatique sont dĂ©jĂ nombreux. Ainsi, pendant deux siĂšcles, lâindustrialisation a façonnĂ© un patrimoine bĂąti qui aujourdâhui est menacĂ© rĂ©troactivement par le changement climatique quâil a favorisĂ©.Since the 18th century, industrial activities have generated a built industrial heritage whose architectural richness bears witness to numerous constructive innovations. By abandoning natural materials to resort to artificial materials, and by integrating a new constructive approach, the building sector has become industrialized. At the same time, the boom in industrial activities, which consume a great amount of fossil fuels, has contributed to an anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas emissions that have transformed the atmosphere. Today, climate change involves varying risks for heritage, and the impacts of climate change are already numerous. Thus, for two centuries, industrialization has shaped a built heritage which today is threatened retroactively by the climate change it has favored
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