Essential oil of Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwanke for the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

ABSTRACT The use of natural compounds is a less aggressive alternative for the control of insects in stored grains, in relation to synthetic chemical agents. Plants with insecticidal properties can be used as a source of these compounds to the direct application in pest control. In this work, the essential oil of Cinnamodendron dinisii was chemically characterized and tested regarding its insecticidal and repellent effect on the control of Sitophilus zeamais in stored grains. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal potential was evaluated through the maintenance of the insects during 24 hours in contact with several doses of the oil, in the absence of feed substrate. The Bioassays of repellency were conducted with lethal doses (LD5, LD25, LD50 and LD95) obtained from insecticidal bioassay. In order to compare the treatments, the preference index (PI) was used. The essential oil of C. dinisii had insecticidal activity against S. zeamais, causing a linear and crescent mortality with LD of 0.04, 0.17, 0.34 and 0.63 µL/cm2, respectively. The repellency ranged from 55.4% to 85.2%, using the LD values previously mentioned. The DL5 was neutral regarding repellence (PI index -0,09), but from DL25 on, the PI index was between -0.1 and -1.0, indicating repellence activity

Insecticidal and repellent activity of the essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fujita (Ho-Sho) and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J Presl. var. hosyo (Hon-Sho) on Sitophilus zeamaisMots. (Coleoptera, Curculionedae)

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to evaluate the insecticidal and repellency activity of the essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fujita (Ho-Sho) and Cinnamomumcamphora (L.) J Presl.var. hosyo (Hon-Sho), against the Sitophilus zeamais in maize grains. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS.The insecticidal activity was determined by the toxicity of different concentrations of essential oils during 24 hours of contact with the insects, in the absence of feed substrate. The Bioassays of repellency were conducted with lethal doses (LD50,LD25,and LD12.5) obtained from insecticidal bioassay. In order to compare the treatments the preference index (PI) was employed. The analysis of the essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora leaves indicated 68% of camphor and 9% of linalool for the variation Hon-Sho and 95% of linalool to the variation Ho-Sho. The variation Ho-Sho presented greatest insecticidal activity than the variation Hon-Sho against the Sitophiluszeamais, with LD50 of 0.35 μL/cm2, whereas in the variation Hon-Sho the ratewas 0.48 μL/cm2. However, considering only the concentrations of linalool and camphor of Ho-Sho and Hon-Sho, the lethal doses’ evaluation of these compounds were similar. The values of the preference index ranged from -0.3 to -0.8 for thevariation Ho-Sho and -0.2 to -0.7 for the variation Hon-Sho. The essential oils evaluated in this work showed repellent activity against Sitophiluszeamais in vitro and in trials performed in mini-silos

Response Surface Methodology For Optimization Of Lipase Production By An Immobilized Newly Isolated Penicillium Sp

This work reports the use of response surface methodology to optimize the lipase production by submerged fermentation using immobilized cells of a newly isolated Penicillium sp. For this, experimental designs were employed to evaluate the best condition for microorganism immobilization. The optimum experimental conditions for immobilized microorganisms were determined as 2.5% (w/v) of calcium alginate, 0.2% (w/v) of CaCl2, and 1.5% (v/v) of giutaraldehyde and 6 h of curing time, yielding a lipase activity as high as 20.96 U/mL in 120 h of fermentation. The activity obtained is higher than those observed with free cells of this microorganism and comparable to results presented in the literature for lipase production with immobilized cells from several microorganisms. The crude enzymatic extract presented optimum pH and temperature of 7.0 and 37 °C, respectively, and maintained its activity for 60 days storage at -10 °C. © 2008 American Chemical Society.472396519657Houde, A., Kademi, A., Leblanc, D., Lipases and their industrial applications (2004) Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol, 118, p. 155Freire, D. M. G. Seleção de Microrganismos lipolfticos e estudo da produção de lipases por Penicillium restrictum. Ph.D. thesis, Departamento de Bioquímica IQZUFRJ, Brazil, 1996p 132Snellman, E.A., Sullivan, E.R., Colwell, R.V., Purification and properties of the extracellular lipase, LipA, of acinetobacter sp (2002) Biochem. Eng. J, 11, p. 269Hasan, F., Shah, A.A., Hameed, A., Industrial Applications of microbial Upases (2006) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 39, p. 235Jaeger, K., Reetz, M.T., Microbial lipases form versatile tools for biotechnology (1998) Trends Biotechnol, 16, p. 396Burkert, J. F. M. Otimizaçâo das Condições de Produção da Lipase por Geotrichum candidum NRRL-Y552. Ph. D. thesis. Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos DEA/FEA/UNICAMP, Brazil, 2002p 99Burkert, J.F.M., Maugeri, F., Rodrigues, M.I., Optimization of extracelular lipase production by Geotrichum candidum sp. using factorial design (2004) Bioresour. Technol, 91, p. 77Sharma, R., Chisti, Y., Banerjee, U.C., Production, purification, characterization, and applications of lipases (2001) Biotechnol. Adv, 19, p. 627Ko, W.H., Wang, I.T., Ann, P.J., A simple method for detection of lipolytic microorganisms in soils (2005) Soil Biol. Biochem, 37, p. 597Björkling, F., Godtfedsen, S.E., Kirk, O., The future impact of industrial lipases (1991) Tibtech, 9, p. 360Cardenas, F., Alvarez, E., Castro-Alvarez, M.S., Sanchez-Montero, J.M., Screening and catalytic activity in organic synthesis of novel fungal and yeast lipases (2001) J. Mol. Catal. B, 14, p. 111Wang, Y., Srivastava, K.C., Shen, G.J., Thermostable alkaline lipase from a newly isolated thermophilic Bacillus, strain A30-1 (ATCC 53841) (1995) J. Ferment. Bioeng, 79, p. 433Jaeger, K.E., Reetz, M.T., Microbial lipases form versatile tools for biotechnology (1998) Tibtech, 16, p. 396Kim, J.T., Kang, S.G., Woo, J.H., Lee, J.-H., Jeong, B.C., Kim, S.-J., Screening and its potential application of lipolytic activity from a marine environment:characterization of a novel esterase from Yarrowia lipolytica CLl 80 (2007) Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 74, p. 820Vargas, G.D., Treichel, H., Oliveira, D., Beneti, S.C., Freire, D.M.G., Di Luccio, M., Optimization of lipase production by Penicillium simplicissimum in soybean meal (2007) Chem. Technol. Biotechnol, 83, p. 47Carvalho, P.O., Calafatti, S.A.P., Marassi, M., Silda, D.M., Contesini, F.J., Bizaco, R., Macedo, G.A., Potencial de biocatálise enantiosseletiva de lipases microbianas. (2005) Quim. Nova, 28, p. 614Dalla-Vecchia, R., Nascimento, M.C., Soldi, V., Aplicações sintéticas de lipases imobilizadas em polímeros. (2004) Quim. Nova, 27, p. 623Hemachander, C., Bose, N., Puvanakrishnan, R., Whole cell immobilization of Ralstonia pickettii for lipase production (2001) Process Biochem, 36, p. 629Qi, W.T., Ma, J., Yu, W.T., Xie, Y.T., Wang, W., Ma, X., Behavior of microbial growth and metabolism in alginate-chitosan-alginate (ACA) microcapsules (2006) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 38, p. 697Peinado, A.R., Moreno, J.J., Villaba, M.J., González-Reyes, J.A., Yeast biocapsules: A new immobilization method and their applications (2006) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 40, p. 79Mariano, G. Q.Dalton, H. Biotranformation of aromatic compounds by immobilized bacterial strains in bariun alginate beads. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1999, 24, 232Orive, G., Ponce, R.M., Hernández, A.R., Gascón, M., Pedraz, I.J.L., Biocompatibility of microcapsules for cells immobilization elaborated with different type of alginates (2002) Biomaterials, 23, p. 3825Elibol, M., Ozer, E., Lipase production by immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus (2000) Process Biochem, 36, p. 219Ellaiah, P., Prabhakar, T., Ranakrishna, B., Taleb, A.T., Adinarayana, K., Production of lipase immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger (2004) Process Biochem, 39, p. 525Benjamin, S., Pandey, A., Enhancement of lipase production during repeated batch culture using immobilized Candida rugosa (1997) Process Biochem, 32, p. 437Yang, X., Wang, B., Cui, F., Tan, T., Production of lipase by repeated batch fermentation with immobilized Rhizopus arrhizus (2005) Process Biochem, 40, p. 2095Muralidhar, R.V., Chirumamila, R.R., Marchant, R., Nigam, P., A response surface approach for the comparison of lipase production by Candida cylindracea using two different carbon sources (2001) Biochem. Eng. J, 9, p. 17Haaland, P.D., (1989) Experimental design in biotechnology, , Marcel Dekker: New YorkJohnsen, A., Flink, M., Influence of alginate properties and gel reinforcement on fermentation characteristics of immobilized yeast cells (1986) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 8, p. 737Freire, D.M.G., Gomes, P.M., Bom, E.P.S., Sant Anna Jr., G.L., Lipase production by a new promising strain Penicillium restrictum (1997) Rev. Microbiol, 28, p. 6Tan, T., Zhang, M., Wang, B., Ying, C., Deng, L., Screening of high lipase producing Candida sp. and production of lipase by fermentation (2002) Process Biochem, 39, p. 459Abbas, H., Hiol, A., Deyris, V., Comeau, L., Isolation and characterization of an extracellular lipase from Mucor sp. strain isolated from palm fruit (2002) Enzyme Microb. Technol, 31, p. 968Kamini, N.R., Mala, J.G.S., Lipase production from Aspergillus niger by solid-state fermentation using gingerly oil cake (1998) Process Biochem, 33, p. 505Fadiloglu, S., Soylemez, Z., Kinetics of lipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil (1997) Food Res. Int, 30, p. 171Pastore, G.M., Da Costa, V.S.R., Koblitz, M.G.B., Purificação parcial e caracterização bioquímica de lipase extracelular produzida por nova linhagem de Rhizopus sp. (2003) Cienc. Tecnol Aliment, 23, p. 13

Effect of temperature on two-phase anaerobic reactors treating slaughterhouse wastewater

The effectiveness of the anaerobic treatment of effluent from a swine and bovine slaughterhouse was assessed in two sets of two-phase anaerobic digesters, operated with or without temperature control. Set A, consisting of an acidogenic reactor with recirculation and an upflow biological filter as the methanogenic phase, was operated at room temperature, while set B, consisting of an acidogenic reactor without recirculation and an upflow biological filter as the methanogenic phase, was maintained at 32&deg;C. The methanogenic reactors showed COD (Chemical Demand of Oxygen) removal above 60% for HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) values of 20, 15, 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 days. When the HRT value in those reactors was changed to 1 day, the COD percentage removal decreased to 50%. The temperature variations did not have harmful effects on the performance of reactors in set A.<br>Avaliou-se a eficiência do tratamento anaeróbio de efluente de matadouro de suínos e bovinos em dois conjuntos de biodigestores anaeróbios de duas fases, operados com e sem controle de temperatura. O conjunto A, formado por um reator acidogênico com recirculação e um filtro biológico de fluxo ascendente, foi operado a temperatura ambiente e o conjunto B, formado por um reator de fluxo ascendente e um filtro biológico de fluxo ascendente, foi mantido a 32&deg;C. Os reatores metanogênicos apresentaram remoção de DQO acima de 60 % para os TRHs de 20, 15, 10, oito, seis, quatro e dois dias. Quando o TRH destes reatores foi mudado para um dia observou-se uma queda da porcentagem de remoção de DQO para 50 %. As variações de temperatura parecem não ter prejudicado o desempenho dos reatores do conjunto A

The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies

The aim of this work was to study the occurrence of Aeromonas sp in the bottled mineral water, well water and tap water from the municipal supplies. Positive samples were found for Aeromonas spp. 12.7% from the mineral water, 8.3% from the artesian water and 6.5% from the tap water. The recovery of Aeromonas spp. was significantly higher in the bottled mineral and artesian water than in the tap water from municipal supplies. The occurrence of the Aeromonas spp. did not correlate significantly with the contamination indicator bacteria (i.e. total coliforms) in the artesian water samples. However, a significant correlation was found between Aeromonas spp. and total coliforms in the both mineral water and tap water samples. The presence or absence of a correlation between the indicator bacteria and Aeromonas could reflect the occasional appearance of the pathogen in the drinking water and the different rates of survival and recovery of these agents compared with those fecal indicators. The finding that 41.6, 14.8 and 9.0 % of the artesian water, bottled mineral water and tap water, respectively, sampled in the current study failed to meet the Brazilian standard for total coliforms in the drinking water should therefore be of concern.<br>A porcentagem de amostras positivas para Aeromonas foi de 12.7% para água mineral, 8.3% para água de poço artesiano e 6.5% para água do sistema público de abastecimento. O isolamento de Aeromonas spp. foi significativamente maior em água mineral e água de poço artesiano do que em água do sistema público. A ocorrência de Aeromonas spp. não teve correlação significativa com os indicadores de contaminação tradicionalmente utilizados (coliformes totais) em amostras de água de poço artesiano. No entanto, esta correlação foi positiva e significativa em água mineral e água do sistema público. A presença ou ausência de correlação entre bactérias indicadoras e a presença de Aeromonas pode refletir o aparecimento ocasional de patógenos em águas para consumo humano e as diferentes taxas de sobrevivência e isolamento destes agentes comparados com os indicadores fecais de contaminação. A constatação de que 41.6%, 14.8% e 9.0% respectivamente amostras de água de poço, água mineral e água do abastecimento público utilizadas neste estudo apresentaram índices de coliformes maiores do que os aceitáveis pela legislação brasileira é um fato preocupante. Estes números mostram a necessidade de melhoria nos sistemas de monitoramento para a indústria de águas minerais e o sistema público de abastecimento. As cepas isoladas pertencentes ao gênero Aeromonas foram identificadas ao nível de espécie como A. hydrophila e A. jandaei. A significância do grande número de isolamentos de espécies de Aeromonas em saúde pública ainda não está clara. É necessário o estudo dos efeitos de cepas específicas utilizando modelos animais de infecção. Estes resultados podem contribuir para a reavaliação dos critérios empregados para a análise da qualidade microbiológica da água e a definição de limites de densidades para o gênero Aeromonas em águas destinadas ao consumo humano