The staging of gastritis with the olga system in the italian setting. histological features and gastric cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Recently OLGA (Operative Link on Gastritis Assessment) classification has been proposed to identify high-risk forms of gastritis that can evolve in gastric cancer (stages III and IV). Helicobacter pylori infection and age older than 40 have been considered as independent risk factor for high-risk OLGA stages

GEOTHERMAL CONVECTOR DESIGN: SOLUTION, DESIGN CRITERIA, CALCULATION METHODS

The geothermal convector (GTC) is an unconventional system for heat extraction from a geothermal aquifer without fluid withdrawal. In this system a special two-phase thermosyphon is used. This device works with a downhole evaporator and with a condenser at the ground level. The system shares advantages and disadvantages with other downhole heat exchanger plants; for instance, a second well to return geothermal water to the aquifer is not required. Because of the limitations of the natural heat flow in the hot aquifer, however, the device is most suitable for small-to moderate-size applications. In this article, the fundamental elements required to determine the device performance and the thermal design criteria are reported and a GTC prototype is described. Designed for 70 °C temperature of the geothermal water and 3 m length of the evaporator, this prototype was recently installed in a geothermal well on the island of Ischia. In this article the results of the first experimental tests are reported