Characterization and Reduction of Noise in Manifold Representations of Hyperspectral Imagery

A new workflow to produce dimensionality reduced manifold coordinates based on the improvements of landmark Isometric Mapping (ISOMAP) algorithms using local spectral models is proposed. Manifold space from nonlinear dimensionality reduction better addresses the nonlinearity of the hyperspectral data and often has better per- formance comparing to the results of linear methods such as Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF). The dissertation mainly focuses on using adaptive local spectral models to fur- ther improve the performance of ISOMAP algorithms by addressing local noise issues and perform guided landmark selection and nearest neighborhood construction in local spectral subsets. This work could benefit the performance of common hyperspectral image analysis tasks, such as classification, target detection, etc., but also keep the computational burden low. This work is based on and improves the previous ENH- ISOMAP algorithm in various ways. The workflow is based on a unified local spectral subsetting framework. Embedding spaces in local spectral subsets as local noise models are first proposed and used to perform noise estimation, MNF regression and guided landmark selection in a local sense. Passive and active methods are proposed and ver- ified to select landmarks deliberately to ensure local geometric structure coverage and local noise avoidance. Then, a novel local spectral adaptive method is used to construct the k-nearest neighbor graph. Finally, a global MNF transformation in the manifold space is also introduced to further compress the signal dimensions. The workflow is implemented using C++ with multiple implementation optimizations, including using heterogeneous computing platforms that are available in personal computers. The re- sults are presented and evaluated by Jeffries-Matsushita separability metric, as well as the classification accuracy of supervised classifiers. The proposed workflow shows sig- nificant and stable improvements over the dimensionality reduction performance from traditional MNF and ENH-ISOMAP on various hyperspectral datasets. The computa- tional speed of the proposed implementation is also improved

Empirical analysis on impact of FDI on the level of urbanization in costal areas

Purpose: There is a close relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization. the objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in Jiangsu and Guangdong provinces in costal areas. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the modern econometric methods by panel unit root test, cointegration test, random effects models and fixed effects models, and the data of FDI (2000-2012), urbanization rate, industrial structure and regional GDP of Nanjing, Xuzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi and other 13 cities in Jiangsu Province, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other 19 cities in Guangdong province, researches the relationship between FDI and urbanization rate. Findings: Models show, FDI was closely correlated with urbanization rate in Jiangsu province and Guangdong province, the highly correlated with industrial structure, while it negatively correlated with the growth of GDP, and the degree of correlation is not high in Jiangsu province, but the high negative correlation in Guangdong province. The results shows the industrial structure and the urbanization rate mainly cause FDI growth. Research limitations/implications: There are many provinces in costal areas of China, this paper just research the relationship between FDI and the level of urbanization in Jiangsu province and Guangdong province, there are some limitations in the study areas and results.Peer Reviewe

Three-Leaf Dart-Shaped Single-Crystal BN Formation Promoted by Surface Oxygen

Two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) single crystals with various shapes have been synthesized by chemical vapor deposition over the past several years. Here we report the formation of three-leaf dart (3LD)-shaped single crystals of h-BN on Cu foil by atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The leaves of the 3LD-shaped h-BN are as long as 18 {\mu}m and their edges are smooth armchair on one side and stepped armchair on the other. Careful analysis revealed that surface oxygen plays an important role in the formation of the 3LD shape. Oxygen suppressed h-BN nucleation by passivating Cu surface active sites and lowered the edge attachment energy, which caused the growth kinetics to change to a diffusion-controlled mode.Comment: 7 pages,6 figure