Diseño de micro y macro espejos de actuación electrostática

En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de micro y macro espejos de actuación electrostática. Debido a la complejidad de los fenómenos que intervienen en el dispositivo, en este capítulo se presta especial atención al diseño de los actuadores electrostáticos tanto micro como macroscópicos, y se deja como trabajo futuro el análisis de las propiedades ópticas de los dispositivos aquí descritos. Las dimensiones del microespejo se encuentran en el rango de los micrómetros, mientras que las del macroespejo se encuentran en el rango de los milímetros. Existe un factor de escalamiento de 1:250 entre las dimensiones de los espejos que se espera incida en este mismo orden de magnitud en los fenómenos electromecánicos en la micro y macro escala. Se detalla el diseño electro-mecánico y se explica su principio de funcionamiento. Se proporcionan modelos matemáticos y simulaciones numéricas que predicen el comportamiento de los principales elementos electromecánicos de los espejos. Se discuten las implicaciones en el mecanismo de actuación como resultado del escalamiento en las dimensiones.ITESO, A.C.Universidad de Guadalajar

Partial Reconfiguration of Control Systems using Petri Nets Structural Redundancy

This paper deals with the partial reconfiguration of the discrete control systems due to resource failures using the structural redundancy of the global system model. The approach herein proposed introduces a new subclass of Interpreted Petri Nets (), named Interpreted Machines with Resources (), allowing representing both the behaviour of a system and the resource allocation. Based on this model, an efficient reconfiguration algorithm is proposed; it is based on finding the set of all redundant sequences using alternative resources. The advantages of this structural reconfiguration method are: (1) it provides minimal reconfiguration to the system control assuring the properties of the original control system, (2) since the model includes resource allocation, it can be applied to a variety of systems such as Business Processes, and FPGAs, among others, (3) it takes advantage of the implied features of Petri net models, such as structural analysis and graphical visualization of the system and control. The method is illustrated through a case study that deals with a manufacturing system controller, which includes both alternative resources and operation sequencesITESO, A.C.CINVESTA

Las redes de Petri en la paralelización eficiente de aplicaciones: caso de uso

En este trabajo se presenta el método basado en modelos de Redes de Petri para el análisis y paralelización eficiente de aplicaciones programadas con un paradigma secuencial. Primeramente, se realiza el modelo de la aplicación secuencial. Enseguida, se analizan las partes paralelizables, y se presenta un modelo en Red de Petri de la aplicación paralelizada. A partir del modelo en Red de Petri, se realiza la verificación de la construcción del modelo y se analiza de manera informal la relación de los P-Invariantes con la paralelización del modelo. Finalmente, se realiza una comparación del tiempo de cómputo entre el paradigma secuencial y el paralelo. Se utiliza la multiplicación de matrices como caso de estudio y se reportan los resultados experimentales.Universidad de Guadalajar

Construcción de observadores de secuencias para sistemas de eventos discretos

Este trabajo presenta el diseño e implementación de algoritmos para la construcción de observadores de secuencias para sistemas de eventos discretos. El modelo del sistema se captura como una Red de Petri, mientras que la implementación del es quema del observador se realiza en Simulink. Los algoritmos permiten verificar la propiedad de observabilidad, a la vez que construyen la matriz de detección de secuencias sobre la que se basa el funcionamiento del observador.Universidad de GuadalajaraITESO, A.C

Metodología para el diseño de sistemas embebidos basada en modelos de Redes de Petri

En este trabajo se presenta una plataforma embebida para el control de sistemas de eventos discretos. El sistema real de propósito específico se modela como una Red de Petri con señales de entrada y salida. Esto permite adaptar un esquema de control que puede ejercer acción sobre el sistema mediante comandos de entrada y retroalimentar el estado mediante señales de salida. Se proporciona una metodología para traducir el modelo en Red de Petri a una implementación de firmware embebido.Universidad de Guadalajar

Supervisory control of discrete event systems using observers

State-feedback supervisory controllers for discrete event systems are synthesized. A state observer providing the feedback information is integrated to the control scheme. Petri nets models are used for modeling the system, the controller and the observer. The required behavior of the system is specified as linear constrains. The proposed technique allows the construction of controllers for systems with partial state observation. An application example is provided.ITESO, A.C.CINVESTA

Feed intake and performance of growing lambs raised on concentrate-based diets under cafeteria feeding systems

8 pages, 4 tables, 3 figures.--Two trials were undertaken to study the effects of cafeteria feeding systems on the feed intake, animal performance and carcass characteristics of growing lambs, Trial 1 was designed to compare conventional and cafeteria feeding systems in terms of the growth of individually reared lambs. For this assay, 26 weaned Merino lambs (15.5 +/- 0.20 kg live weight) were assigned to three dietary treatment groups: (1) a control group fed barley straw and commercial concentrate under a conventional feeding system, (2) group W100S, fed soya-bean meal, whole barley grain and a mineral-vitamin supplement under a cafeteria feeding system, and (3) group W100S-T, fed as in the W100S treatment but allowing the lambs an initial training period so they could learn to identify a number of feeds. The feeding system had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on either average daily live-weight gain, carcass weight, or carcass conformation. The food conversion ratio was lower (P < 0.05) for the cafeteria-reared animals (2.9 +/- 0.16 v. 2.5 +/- 0.08g dry-matter intake per g average daily gain) than those of the control group. This might be related to the higher crude protein intake seen in the cafeteria groups (150 +/- 5.6 v. 208 +/- 12.5g per animal per day, P < 0.001). In trial 2, cafeteria and conventional feeding system were compared in terms of the growth of feedlot lambs. Two hundred weaned Merino lambs (13.1 +/- 0.10 kg) were divided into two experimental groups: (1) a control group, offered commercial concentrate and barley straw, and (2) a cafeteria group fed the same diet as W100ST in trial 1. The average daily gain (282 +/- 5.8 and 309 6.5, P 0.001) in the conventional than in the cafeteria system lambs. The use of cafeteria systems for fattening lambs can improve the feed conversion efficiency and body growth rate over those achieved with conventional feeding systems, although the crude protein intake in these systems seems to be in excess of requirements.This research was funded by Magnus S.A., with additional support from the collaboration between Caja España and the Estación Agrícola Experimental (CSIC, Spanish National Research Council).Peer reviewe

Adaptative models of flexible manufacturing systems

This papes deals with the rapid reconfiguration or task controllers of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). This problem is concerned whit the ability of the task coordination system to adapt dynamically to new situations issued from changes on the production requirements or from failures.CINVESTA

Seed treatments with salicylic acid and Azospirillum brasilense enhance growth and yield of maize plants (Zea mays L.) under field conditions

Salicylic acid and Azospirillum brasilense stimulate plant growth and productivity. In some environments, plant physiology similarly responds to both bioactive products. Considering this, a field experiment was conducted to study the physiological effect of Salicilic acid and A. brasilense on growth and grain yield of maize plants. The experiment involved three treatments consisting of imbibed seeds in an aqueous solution of SA (0.01 mM), inoculated seeds with A. brasilense and a control treatment. Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with A. brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. Spikelet length and weight were greater in plants first inoculated with A. brasilense and then treated with SA. Results indicated that SA stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem, while A. brasilense mainly affected leaf growth, plant height, ear dimensions and grain yield. Such results turn crucial for biological fertilization strategies aimed at reducing pollutant loads that accompany chemical fertilizers. Both products can be part of maize management practices given competitive economic advantages and sustainability. Highlights: Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. Salicylic Acid stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem in maize plants. Azospirillum brasilense stimulates leaf growth, plant height, as well as ear dimensions and grain yield in corn plants.Salicylic acid and Azospirillum brasilense stimulate plant growth and productivity. In some environments, plant physiology similarly responds to both bioactive products. Considering this, a field experiment was conducted to study the physiological effect of Salicilic acid and A. brasilense on growth and grain yield of maize plants. The experiment involved three treatments consisting of imbibed seeds in an aqueous solution of SA (0.01 mM), inoculated seeds with A. brasilense and a control treatment. Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with A. brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. Spikelet length and weight were greater in plants first inoculated with A. brasilense and then treated with SA. Results indicated that SA stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem, while A. brasilense mainly affected leaf growth, plant height, ear dimensions and grain yield. Such results turn crucial for biological fertilization strategies aimed at reducing pollutant loads that accompany chemical fertilizers. Both products can be part of maize management practices given competitive economic advantages and sustainability. Highlights: Seed imbibition in SA and inoculation with brasilense improved vegetative growth in the early stages of crop ontogeny, increasing leaf growth, plant height, stem diameter and biomass accumulation. Salicylic Acid stimulated biomass partitioning towards leaves, root and stem in maize plants. Azospirillum brasilense stimulates leaf growth, plant height, as well as ear dimensions and grain yield in corn plants.