DIREITOS HUMANOS, SUJEITOS E O PRINCÍPIO DA BAGATELA: A RESISTÊNCIA DA APLICAÇÃO DESSE PRINCÍPIO COMO UM REFLEXO DA QUESTÃO RACIAL

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar os efeitos da questão racial no âmbito de aplicação do DireitoPenal, a partir de uma perspectiva histórico-filosófica acerca da noção dos Direitos Humanos, em contraponto à aplicaçãodo princípio da bagatela pelo Judiciário brasileiro. Sob essa perspectiva, o Direito Penal, como um braço do poder do Estado,tende a ser mobilizado pela classe dominante a fim de manter seus privilégios e apartá-los das minorias raciais. Desse modo,os direitos fundamentais, derivados dos Direitos Humanos, em especial no que se refere à garantia do mínimo existencial paraos indivíduos negros, permanecem no plano formal do Estado e não se refletem no plano material. Por conseguinte, agravamseas desigualdades sociais. A pesquisa utilizou o método de pesquisa exploratória, a fim de favorecer o processo de sondagemde conteúdos, aprimoramento de ideias e construção de hipóteses. Ao final, tornou-se possível listar as circunstâncias quefomentam a maior incidência de indivíduos negros e de baixa renda em crimes de bagatela

Macromolecular confinement of therapeutic protein in polymeric particles for controlled release: insulin as a case study

Sustained release systems for therapeutic proteins have been widely studied targeting to improve the action of these drugs. Molecular entrapping of proteins is particularly challenging due to their conformational instability. We have developed a micro-structured poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) particle system loaded with human insulin using a simple double-emulsion w/o/w method followed by solvent evaporation method. This formulation is comprised by spheric-shaped microparticles with average size of 10 micrometers. In vitro release showed a biphasic behavior such as a rapid release with about 50% of drug delivered within 2 hours and a sustained phase for up to 48 h. The subcutaneous administration of microencapsulated insulin showed a biphasic effect on glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, compatible with short and intermediate-acting behaviors, with first transition peak at about 2 h and the second phase exerting effect for up to 48h after s.c. administration. This study reveals that a simplified double-emulsion system results in biocompatible human-insulin-loaded PCL microparticles that might be used for further development of optimized sustained release formulations of insulin to be used in the restoration of hormonal levels

Inquérito on-line para caracterização do cuidado farmacêutico em unidades de terapia intensiva a nível nacional

A resolução da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária nº 7 de 24 de fevereiro de 2010, que dispõe sobre os requisitos mínimos para funcionamento de Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), prevê que a assistência farmacêutica à beira leito deve ser garantida e integrada às demais atividades assistenciais prestadas ao paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o cuidado farmacêutico prestado nas UTI dos hospitais brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo observacional seccional por meio de inquérito on-line com farmacêuticos atuantes em UTI há mais de 3 meses consecutivos, que consistiu em três etapas. O questionário de coleta de dados foi validado por quatro membros da equipe de pesquisa, especialistas e com experiência na área, representantes de quatro regiões do país, por meio da técnica Delphi em duas rodadas para obtenção de consenso. No estudo piloto foi avaliado o tempo de preenchimento do questionário e a plataforma eletrônica, o cognito forms. A coleta ocorreu durante 106 dias em 2019 e o link foi divulgado em mídias sociais e por e-mail. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada, usando a interface R-Studio. Dos 163 farmacêuticos que responderam ao questionário, a maioria foi do sexo feminino, cor da pele branca, mulheres com menos de 37 anos de idade, graduados há menos de 10 anos, com pós-graduação e atuação inferior a 3 anos em UTI, sem qualificação específica. Celetistas, com carga horária superior a 40 horas semanais, diaristas. Os hospitais eram gerais e de grande porte, localizados no Sudeste, entidade mantenedora privada, de ensino e pesquisa. As UTI eram voltadas a pacientes adultos, com equipe multiprofissional permanente e rounds de segunda a sexta-feira. Quanto à estrutura, as farmacêuticas, na sua maioria, não eram exclusivas da UTI, cuidavam de 17 leitos e prestavam o cuidado em 5 dias na semana. Possuíam acesso a computador compartilhado, às prescrições, evoluções e exames laboratoriais, em sistema informatizado. Quanto aos processos, participavam dos rounds de segunda à sexta-feira, realizavam avaliação farmacêutica, conciliação de medicamentos, revisão da farmacoterapia e acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico, forneciam informações sobre medicamentos à equipe, realizavam ações de farmacovigilância e evolução em prontuário no sistema informatizado. Quanto aos resultados, realizavam 3 intervenções farmacêuticas por dia com médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem; nas etapas de conciliação e prescrição, aprazamento, preparo de medicamentos e administração e monitoravam 4 indicadores, porém de forma não estruturada, padronizada ou cientificamente embasada. O presente inquérito foi capaz de caracterizar o cuidado farmacêutico prestado em UTI brasileiras e poderá servir de base para definição e aprimoramento de parâmetros de estrutura, processo e resultado e para a avaliação de serviços farmacêuticos realizados em UTIResolution No. 7 of February 24, 2010, which provides for the minimum requirements for the operation of Intensive Care Units (ICU), provides that pharmaceutical assistance at the bedside must be guaranteed and integrated with the other care activities provided to the patient. The aim of this study was to characterize the pharmaceutical care provided in the ICU of Brazilian hospitals. This is an observational sectional study through an online survey with pharmacists working in the ICU for more than 3 consecutive months, which consisted of three stages. The data collection questionnaire was validated by four members of the research team, specialists and with experience in the area, representing four regions of the country, using the Delphi technique in two rounds to obtain consensus. In the pilot study, the time taken to complete the questionnaire and the electronic platform, the cognito forms, were evaluated. The collection took place over 106 days in 2019 and the link was posted on social media and by email. Descriptive data analysis was performed using the R-Studio interface. Of the 163 pharmacists who answered the questionnaire, the majority were female, white skin color, women under 37 years of age, graduated less than 10 years ago, with graduate degrees and less than 3 years in the ICU, withoutspecific qualification. Hired workers, with a workload of more than 40 hours per week, day workers. The hospitals were general and large, located in the Southeast, private, teaching and research entity. The ICU were aimed at adult patients, with a permanent multidisciplinary team and rounds from Monday to Friday. Concerning the structure, the majority of pharmacists were not exclusive to the ICU, took care of 17 beds and provided in 5 days a week. They had access to a shared computer, to prescriptions, charts and laboratory tests, in a computerized system. Concerning the results, they performed 3 pharmaceutical interventions a day with doctors, nurses and nursing technicians; in the stages of conciliation and prescription, scheduling, medication preparation and administration and monitored 4 indicators, however in an unstructured, not standardized or scientifically based way. This survey was able to characterize the pharmaceutical care provided in Brazilian ICU and may serve as a basis for defining and improving parameters of structure, process and result and for the evaluation of pharmaceutical services performed in the ICU125 f

Macromolecular confinement of therapeutic protein in polymeric particles for controlled release: insulin as a case study

ABSTRACT Sustained release systems for therapeutic proteins have been widely studied targeting to improve the action of these drugs. Molecular entrapping of proteins is particularly challenging due to their conformational instability. We have developed a micro-structured poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) particle system loaded with human insulin using a simple double-emulsion w/o/w method followed by solvent evaporation method. This formulation is comprised by spheric-shaped microparticles with average size of 10 micrometers. In vitro release showed a biphasic behavior such as a rapid release with about 50% of drug delivered within 2 hours and a sustained phase for up to 48 h. The subcutaneous administration of microencapsulated insulin showed a biphasic effect on glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, compatible with short and intermediate-acting behaviors, with first transition peak at about 2 h and the second phase exerting effect for up to 48h after s.c. administration. This study reveals that a simplified double-emulsion system results in biocompatible human-insulin-loaded PCL microparticles that might be used for further development of optimized sustained release formulations of insulin to be used in the restoration of hormonal levels

Macromolecular confinement of therapeutic protein in polymeric particles for controlled release: insulin as a case study

ABSTRACT Sustained release systems for therapeutic proteins have been widely studied targeting to improve the action of these drugs. Molecular entrapping of proteins is particularly challenging due to their conformational instability. We have developed a micro-structured poly-epsilon-caprolactone (PCL) particle system loaded with human insulin using a simple double-emulsion w/o/w method followed by solvent evaporation method. This formulation is comprised by spheric-shaped microparticles with average size of 10 micrometers. In vitro release showed a biphasic behavior such as a rapid release with about 50% of drug delivered within 2 hours and a sustained phase for up to 48 h. The subcutaneous administration of microencapsulated insulin showed a biphasic effect on glycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, compatible with short and intermediate-acting behaviors, with first transition peak at about 2 h and the second phase exerting effect for up to 48h after s.c. administration. This study reveals that a simplified double-emulsion system results in biocompatible human-insulin-loaded PCL microparticles that might be used for further development of optimized sustained release formulations of insulin to be used in the restoration of hormonal levels