Evaluating a School Community Linked Physical Activity Intervention Programme: a Multi-level Analysis.

Previous research has highlighted the importance of positive physical activity (PA) behaviors during childhood to promote sustained active lifestyles throughout the lifespan (Telama et al. 2005; 2014). It is in this context that the role of schools and teachers in facilitating PA education is promoted. Research suggests that teachers play an important role in the attitudes of children towards PA (Figley 1985) and schools may be an efficient vehicle for PA provision and promotion (McGinnis, Kanner and DeGraw, 1991; Wechsler, Deveraux, Davis and Collins, 2000). Yet despite consensus that schools represent an ideal setting from which to ‘reach’ young people (Department of Health and Human Services, UK, 2012) there remains conceptual (e.g. multi-component intervention) and methodological (e.g. duration, intensity, family involvement) ambiguity regarding the mechanisms of change claimed by PA intervention programmes. This may, in part, contribute to research findings that suggest that PA interventions have had limited impact on children’s overall activity levels and thereby limited impact in reducing children’s metabolic health (Metcalf, Henley & Wilkin, 2012). A marked criticism of the health promotion field has been the focus on behavioural change while failing to acknowledge the impact of context in influencing health outcomes (Golden & Earp, 2011). For years, the trans-theoretical model of behaviour change has been ‘the dominant model for health behaviour change’ (Armitage, 2009); this model focusses primarily on the individual and the psychology of the change process. Arguably, this model is limited by the individual’s decision-making ability and degree of self-efficacy in order to achieve sustained behavioural change and does not take account of external factors that may hinder their ability to realise change. Similar to the trans-theoretical model, socio-ecological models identify the individual at the focal point of change but also emphasises the importance of connecting multiple impacting variables, in particular, the connections between the social environment, the physical environment and public policy in facilitating behavioural change (REF). In this research, a social-ecological framework was used to connect the ways a PA intervention programme had an impact (or not) on participants, and to make explicit the foundational features of the programme that facilitated positive change. In this study, we examined the evaluation of a multi-agency approach to a PA intervention programme which aimed to increase physical activity, and awareness of the importance of physical activity to key stage 2 (age 7-12) pupils in three UK primary schools. The agencies involved were the local health authority, a community based charitable organisation, a local health administrative agency, and the city school district. In examining the impact of the intervention, we adopted a process evaluation model in order to better understand the mechanisms and context that facilitated change. Therefore, the aim of this evaluation was to describe the provision, process and impact of the intervention by 1) assessing changes in physical activity levels 2) assessing changes in the student’s attitudes towards physical activity, 3) examining student’s perceptions of the child size fitness equipment in school and their likelihood of using the equipment outside of school and 4) exploring staff perceptions, specifically the challenges and benefits, of facilitating equipment based exercise sessions in the school environment. Methodology, Methods, Research Instruments or Sources Used Evaluation of the intervention was designed as a matched-control study and was undertaken over a seven-month period. The school-based intervention involved 3 intervention schools (n =436; 224 boys) and one control school (n=123; 70 boys) in a low socioeconomic and multicultural urban setting. The PA intervention was separated into two phases: a motivation DVD and 10 days of circuit based exercise sessions (Phase 1) followed by a maintenance phase (Phase 2) that incorporated a PA reward program and the use of specialist kid’s gym equipment located at each school for a period of 4 wk. Outcome measures were measured at baseline (January) and endpoint (July; end of academic school year) using reliable and valid self-report measures. The children’s attitudes towards PA were assessed using the Children’s Attitudes towards Physical Activity (CATPA) questionnaire. The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (PAQ-C), a 7-day recall questionnaire, was used to assess PA levels over a school week. A standardised test battery (Fitnessgram®) was used to assess cardiovascular fitness, body composition, muscular strength and endurance, and flexibility. After the 4 wk period, similar kid’s equipment was available for general access at local community facilities. The control school did not receive any of the interventions. All physical fitness tests and PA questionnaires were administered and collected prior to the start of the intervention (January) and following the intervention period (July) by an independent evaluation team. Evaluation testing took place at the individual schools over 2-3 consecutive days (depending on the number of children to be tested at the school). Staff (n=19) and student perceptions (n = 436) of the child sized fitness equipment were assessed via questionnaires post-intervention. Students completed a questionnaire to assess enjoyment, usage, ease of use and equipment assess and usage in the community. A questionnaire assessed staff perceptions on the delivery of the exercise sessions, classroom engagement and student perceptions. Conclusions, Expected Outcomes or Findings Findings showed that both the intervention (16.4%) and control groups increased their PAQ-C score by post-intervention (p 0.05). The results of the equipment questionnaire, 96% of the children stated they enjoyed using the equipment and would like to use the equipment again in the future; however at post-intervention only 27% reported using the equipment outside of school in the last 7 days. Students identified the ski walker (34%) and cycle (32%) as their favorite pieces of equipment; with the single joint exercises such as leg extension and bicep/tricep machine (<3%) as their least favorite. Key themes from staff were that the equipment sessions were enjoyable, a novel activity, children felt very grown-up, and the activity was linked to a real fitness experience. They also expressed the need for more support to deliver the sessions and more time required for each session. Findings from this study suggest that a more integrated approach within the various agencies is required, particularly more support to increase teachers pedagogical content knowledge in physical activity instruction which is age appropriate. Future recommendations for successful implementation include sufficient time period for all students to access and engage with the equipment; increased access and marketing of facilities to parents within the local community, and professional teacher support strategies to facilitate the exercise sessions

Early follow-up quality of life and mental health of patients with congenital vascular malformations cared for in a multi-disciplinary specialist centre

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate the early follow-up quality of life (QoL), pain and mental health of patients with congenital vascular malformation (CVM) from a variety of treatment options. METHODS: All patients with CVM who received care and had follow-up between February 1st 2018 and January 31st 2020 were included. The health-related QoL, pain, and mental health were assessed with RAND Health Care 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), visual analogue score for pain (VAS-P) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Paired t-test was used for all analyses. p < .05 were considered significant. RESULTS: In total, 110 patients with a mean age of 36.9 years were included in this study. In all patients following care, significant improvement was found in the bodily pain domain of SF-36 and VAS-P (both p = .01). This was largely driven by high-flow vascular malformation patients who responded better to embolo-sclerotherapy, which revealed significant improvement in the bodily pain domain of SF-36 (p = .002) and VAS-P (p = .02). Patients who received supportive treatment only reported significant improvement in mental health (p = .004) and social functioning (p = .03) domains of SF-36. Meanwhile, patients treated with embolo-sclerotherapy reported significant improvement only in VAS-P (p = .02). CONCLUSIONS: This study concluded that the effects of care on early follow-up QoL, pain and mental health of patients with CVM were heterogenous. Future research should therefore, include larger sample size and longer term follow-up to understand the various factors that affect the QoL and mental health of these patients, as well as the holistic approaches to manage them

Spatio-temporal variation in predation by urban domestic cats (Felis catus) and the acceptability of possible management actions in the UK

Urban domestic cat (Felis catus) populations can attain exceedingly high densities and are not limited by natural prey availability. This has generated concerns that they may negatively affect prey populations, leading to calls for management. We enlisted cat-owners to record prey returned home to estimate patterns of predation by free-roaming pets in different localities within the town of Reading, UK and questionnaire surveys were used to quantify attitudes to different possible management strategies. Prey return rates were highly variable: only 20% of cats returned ≥4 dead prey annually. Consequently, approximately 65% of owners received no prey in a given season, but this declined to 22% after eight seasons. The estimated mean predation rate was 18.3 prey cat−1 year−1 but this varied markedly both spatially and temporally: per capita predation rates declined with increasing cat density. Comparisons with estimates of the density of six common bird prey species indicated that cats killed numbers equivalent to adult density on c. 39% of occasions. Population modeling studies suggest that such predation rates could significantly reduce the size of local bird populations for common urban species. Conversely, most urban residents did not consider cat predation to be a significant problem. Collar-mounted anti-predation devices were the only management action acceptable to the majority of urban residents (65%), but were less acceptable to cat-owners because of perceived risks to their pets; only 24% of cats were fitted with such devices. Overall, cat predation did appear to be of sufficient magnitude to affect some prey populations, although further investigation of some key aspects of cat predation is warranted. Management of the predation behavior of urban cat populations in the UK is likely to be challenging and achieving this would require considerable engagement with cat owners

'Wolfie's Workouts' Programme Evaluation.

An evaluation of the Wolfie’s Workout physical activity intervention was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of the programme which has been introduced in the Primary Schools in Wolverhampton City. The main objectives of the evaluation were to identify if the programme: 1) increased children’s participation in physical activity, 2) impacted on children’s attitudes towards physical activity and 3) impacted on children’s fitness levels. The prescribed aims of the evaluation were to: 1) use a validated test to record children’s overall fitness at baseline, and specific time periods post-intervention; 2) record a change in children’s participation in physical activity; 3) record a change in children’s awareness of the importance of physical activity; 4) perform individual case studies to assess the overall impact of the programme.The evaluation used a multi-method approach. Data were collected via repeated measures pre- and post-programme, which drew upon validated health-related fitness assessments, and self-report questionnaires to assess physical activity participation and attitudes towards physical activity. In an effort to provide a rich description of the programme, questionnaires and interviews were conducted to obtain stakeholder narratives at different time points throughout the programme. Additionally, data were collected by school staff as part of the programme e.g. circuit session participation and performance, and physical activity reward records through facilitated diary and wall chart entries. These data were analysed to determine changes in activity and effectiveness of the reward scheme

The (in)visibility of equality, diversity, and inclusion research in event management journals

Rebecca Finkel - ORCID: 0000-0003-2120-6211 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2120-6211The field of events management has been critiqued for being overly focused on operational and managerial concerns to the detriment of critical analysis of power and representation, of which equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) is an important aspect. This paper reports on an audit of the four leading events management journals over the period 2011-2021 to assess the current state of play in relation to engagement with EDI issues and consider whether this critique remains justified. After screening, 49 articles were included. Findings reveal that EDI remains a marginal issue in events management journals, often confined to special issues, with no evidence of increasing engagement over the review period. EDI needs to become more integrated in the core body of knowledge of events management to ensure that events research is socially useful to students, other researchers and practitioners, contributing to the development and reputation of the field

The (in)visibility of equality, diversity, and inclusion research in event management journals

The field of events management has been critiqued for being overly focused on operational and managerial concerns to the detriment of critical analysis of power and representation, of which equality, diversity, and inclusion (EDI) is an important aspect. This paper reports on an audit of the four leading events management journals over the period 2011-2021 to assess the current state of play in relation to engagement with EDI issues and consider whether this critique remains justified. After screening, 49 articles were included. Findings reveal that EDI remains a marginal issue in events management journals, often confined to special issues, with no evidence of increasing engagement over the review period. EDI needs to become more integrated in the core body of knowledge of events management to ensure that events research is socially useful to students, other researchers and practitioners, contributing to the development and reputation of the field

Thigh-length compression stockings and DVT after stroke

Controversy exists as to whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival in patients with invasive bladder cancer, despite randomised controlled trials of more than 3000 patients. We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the effect of such treatment on survival in patients with this disease

Shakespeare and Company Project Dataset: Lending Library Books

All data is related to the Shakespeare and Company bookshop and lending library opened and operated by Sylvia Beach in Paris, 1919–1962.This dataset includes information about approximately 6,000 books and other items with bibliographic data as well as summary information about when the item circulated in the Shakespeare and Company lending library and the number of times an item was borrowed or purchased.The Shakespeare and Company Project has received support from Princeton University’s Center for Digital Humanities; Humanities Council and the David A. Gardner ’69 Magic Project Fund; University Committee on Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences; the Dean’s Innovation Fund for New Ideas in the Humanities; the Bain-Swiggett Fund, Department of English; and the Princeton-Mellon Initiative in Architecture, Urbanism, and the Humanities.1.

Shakespeare and Company Project Dataset: Lending Library Members, Books, Events

All data is related to the Shakespeare and Company bookshop and lending library opened and operated by Sylvia Beach in Paris, 1919–1962.The Shakespeare and Company Project makes three datasets available to download in CSV and JSON formats. The datasets provide information about lending library members; the books that circulated in the lending library; and lending library events, including borrows, purchases, memberships, and renewals. The datasets may be used individually or in combination site URLs are consistent identifiers across all three. The DOIs for each dataset are as follows: Members (https://doi.org/10.34770/ht30-g395); Books (https://doi.org/10.34770/g467-3w07); Events (https://doi.org/10.34770/2r93-0t85).The Shakespeare and Company Project has received support from Princeton University’s Center for Digital Humanities; Humanities Council and the David A. Gardner ’69 Magic Project Fund; University Committee on Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences; the Dean’s Innovation Fund for New Ideas in the Humanities; the Bain-Swiggett Fund, Department of English; and the Princeton-Mellon Initiative in Architecture, Urbanism, and the Humanities.1.