Eigenstate–Specific Temperatures in Two–Level Paramagnetic Spin Lattices

Increasing interest in the thermodynamics of small and/or isolated systems, in combination with recent observations of negative temperatures of atoms in ultracold optical lattices, has stimulated the need for estimating the conventional, canonical temperature Tconvc of systems in equilibrium with heat baths using eigenstate-specific temperatures (ESTs). Four distinct ESTs—continuous canonical, discrete canonical, continuous microcanonical, and discrete microcanonical—are accordingly derived for two-level paramagnetic spin lattices (PSLs) in external magnetic fields. At large N, the four ESTs are intensive, equal to Tconvc, and obey all four laws of thermodynamics. In contrast, for N \u3c 1000, the ESTs of most PSL eigenstates are non-intensive, differ from Tconvc, and violate each of the thermodynamic laws. Hence, in spite of their similarities to Tconvc at large N, the ESTs are not true thermodynamic temperatures. Even so, each of the ESTs manifests a unique functional dependence on energy which clearly specifies the magnitude and direction of their deviation from Tconvc; the ESTs are thus good temperature estimators for small PSLs. The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is obeyed only by the ESTs of small canonical PSLs; it is violated by large canonical PSLs and by microcanonical PSLs of any size. The ESTs of population-inverted eigenstates are negative (positive) when calculated using Boltzmann (Gibbs) entropies; the thermodynamic implications of these entropically induced differences in sign are discussed in light of adiabatic invariance of the entropies. Potential applications of the four ESTs to nanothermometers and to systems with long-range interactions are discussed

Systems analysis programs for Hands-on integrated reliability evaluations (SAPHIRE) Version 5.0: Verification and validation (V&V) manual. Volume 9

A verification and validation (V&V) process has been performed for the System Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluation (SAPHIRE) Version 5.0. SAPHIRE is a set of four computer programs that NRC developed for performing probabilistic risk assessments. They allow an analyst to perform many of the functions necessary to create, quantify, and evaluate the risk associated with a facility or process being analyzed. The programs are Integrated Reliability and Risk Analysis System (IRRAS) System Analysis and Risk Assessment (SARA), Models And Results Database (MAR-D), and Fault tree, Event tree, and Piping and instrumentation diagram (FEP) graphical editor. Intent of this program is to perform a V&V of successive versions of SAPHIRE. Previous efforts have been the V&V of SAPHIRE Version 4.0. The SAPHIRE 5.0 V&V plan is based on the SAPHIRE 4.0 V&V plan with revisions to incorporate lessons learned from the previous effort. Also, the SAPHIRE 5.0 vital and nonvital test procedures are based on the test procedures from SAPHIRE 4.0 with revisions to include the new SAPHIRE 5.0 features as well as to incorporate lessons learned from the previous effort. Most results from the testing were acceptable; however, some discrepancies between expected code operation and actual code operation were identified. Modifications made to SAPHIRE are identified

Functional rescue of inactivating mutations of the human neurokinin 3 receptor using pharmacological chaperones

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate the majority of signal transductions across cell membranes in humans, with numerous diseases attributed to inactivating GPCR mutations. Many of these mutations result in misfolding during nascent receptor synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in intracellular retention and degradation. Pharmacological chaperones (PCs) are cell-permeant small molecules that can interact with misfolded receptors in the ER and stabilise/rescue their folding to promote ER exit and trafficking to the cell membrane. The neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) plays a pivotal role in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal reproductive axis. We sought to determine whether NK3R missense mutations result in a loss of cell surface receptor expression and, if so, whether a cell-permeant small molecule NK3R antagonist could be repurposed as a PC to restore function to these mutants. Quantitation of cell surface expression levels of seven mutant NK3Rs identified in hypogonadal patients indicated that five had severely impaired cell surface expression. A small molecule NK3R antagonist, M8, increased cell surface expression in four of these five and resulted in post-translational receptor processing in a manner analogous to the wild type. Importantly, there was a significant improvement in receptor activation in response to neurokinin B (NKB) for all four receptors following their rescue with M8. This demonstrates that M8 may have potential for therapeutic development in the treatment of hypogonadal patients harbouring NK3R mutations. The repurposing of existing small molecule GPCR modulators as PCs represents a novel and therapeutically viable option for the treatment of disorders attributed to mutations in GPCRs that cause intracellular retention.The National Research Foundation South Africa; Competitive Support for Unrated Researchers; the Swiss–South African Joint Research Programme; Competitive Support for Rated Researchers; the NRF National Equipment Program and the National Institutes of Health.https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijmsAnatomy and PhysiologyImmunologyPhysiolog

Generic component failure data base

This report discusses comprehensive component generic failure data base which has been developed for light water reactor probabilistic risk assessments. The Nuclear Computerized Library for Assessing Reactor Reliability (NUCLARR) was used to generate component failure rates. Using this approach, most of the failure rates are based on actual plant data rather then existing estimates

Verification and validation of the SAPHIRE Version 4.0 PRA software package

A verification and validation (V&V) process has been performed for the System Analysis Programs for Hands-on Integrated Reliability Evaluation (SAPHIRE). SAPHIRE is a set of four computer programs that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) developed to perform probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs). These programs allow an analyst to create, quantify, and evaluate the risk associated with a facility or process being analyzed. The programs included in this set are Integrated Reliability and Risk Analysis System (IRRAS), System Analysis and Risk Assessment (SARA), Models and Results Database (MAR-D), and Fault Tree/Event Tree/Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (FEP) graphical editor. The V&V steps included a V&V plan to describe the process and criteria by which the V&V would be performed; a software requirements documentation review to determine the correctness, completeness, and traceability of the requirements; a user survey to determine the usefulness of the user documentation, identification and testing of vital and non-vital features, and documentation of the test results

Component external leakage and rupture frequency estimates

External leakage and rupture frequencies have been generated in a consistent manner from Licensee Event Reports covering US commercial nuclear reactor experience. Recommended frequencies cover a wide variety of components: piping (and elbows), valves, pumps, flanges, heat exchangers, and tanks. Leakages were defined as less than or equal to 50 gpm, and ruptures as greater than 50 gpm. External rupture frequencies are generally factors of 25 or 100 times lower than the external leakage frequencies

General Electric Reactor Protection System Unavailability, 1984-1995

An analysis was performed of the safety-related performance of the reactor protection system (RPS) at U.S. General Electric commercial reactors during the period 1984 through 1995. RPS operational data were collected from the Nuclear Plant Reliability Data System and Licensee Event Reports. A risk-based analysis was performed on the data to estimate the observed unavailability of the RPS, based on a fault tree model of the system. Results were compared with existing unavailability estimates from Individual Plant Examinations and other reports

Seismically induced relay chatter risk analysis for the Advanced Test Reactor

A seismic probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) was performed as part of the Level I PRA for the Department of Energy (DOE) Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). This seismic PRA included a comprehensive and efficient seismically-induced relay chatter risk analysis. The key elements to this comprehensive and efficient seismically-induced relay chatter analysis included (1) screening procedures to identify the critical relays to be evaluated, (2) streamlined seismic fragility evaluation, and (3) comprehensive seismic risk evaluation using detailed event trees and fault trees. These key elements were performed to provide a core fuel damage frequency evaluation due to seismically induced relay chatter. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of including seismically-induced relay chatter events in the seismic PRA. The systems analysis was performed by EG&G Idaho, Inc. and the fragilities for the relays were developed by EQE Engineering Consultants

Eigenstate-specific temperatures in two-level paramagnetic spin lattices

Increasing interest in the thermodynamics of small and/or isolated systems, in combination with recent observations of negative temperatures of atoms in ultracold optical lattices, has stimulated the need for estimating the conventional, canonical temperature T-c(conv) of systems in equilibrium with heat baths using eigenstate-specific temperatures (ESTs). Four distinct ESTs-continuous canonical, discrete canonical, continuous microcanonical, and discrete microcanonical-are accordingly derived for two-level paramagnetic spin lattices (PSLs) in external magnetic fields. At large N, the four ESTs are intensive, equal to T-c(conv), and obey all four laws of thermodynamics. In contrast, for N < 1000, the ESTs of most PSL eigenstates are non-intensive, differ from T-c(conv), and violate each of the thermodynamic laws. Hence, in spite of their similarities to T-c(conv) at large N, the ESTs are not true thermodynamic temperatures. Even so, each of the ESTs manifests a unique functional dependence on energy which clearly specifies the magnitude and direction of their deviation from T-c(conv); the ESTs are thus good temperature estimators for small PSLs. The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is obeyed only by the ESTs of small canonical PSLs; it is violated by large canonical PSLs and by microcanonical PSLs of any size. The ESTs of population-inverted eigenstates are negative (positive) when calculated using Boltzmann (Gibbs) entropies; the thermodynamic implications of these entropically induced differences in sign are discussed in light of adiabatic invariance of the entropies. Potential applications of the four ESTs to nanothermometers and to systems with long-range interactions are discussed. Published by AIP Publishing.National Science Foundation [NSF-EPS-0132295]; Howard Hughes Medical Institute12 month embargo; published online: 5 December 2017This item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]