In Vitro Anticholinesterase and Inhibitory Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) Leaf on Rabbit Breathing

Purpose: In previous studies, the aqueous extract of Combretum molle was shown to inhibit disturbances of breathing induced by acetylcholine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition. Methods: The aqueous extract of Combretum molle and an anti-asthmatic, salbutamol (reference), were tested at varying concentrations for their inhibitory effects on breathing. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted from rabbit duodenum and its activity determined by Ellman’s assay using acethylthiocholine iodide (ACTH) as substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholinesterase was spectrophotometrically monitored at 412 nm.Results: The results indicate that in the presence of C. molle extract, a considerable reduction in the variation of breathing amplitudes occurred. Furthermore, the extract probably contains anti-AChE substances. C. molle exerted non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 192 μM and velocity at maximal concentration of substrate (Vmax) of 4444 μM/min. Conclusion: These results support the use of C. molle leaf in the Pharmacopoeia of Ivory Coast as an anti-asthmatic, in view of its inhibitory effect on breathing disturbances.Keywords: Combretum molle, Acetylcholinesterase, Breathing disturbances, Salbutamol, Anti-asthmati

Laxative activities of Mareya micrantha (Benth.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rats

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Mareya micrantha </it>(Benth.) Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) is a shrub that is commonly used in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa) for the treatment of constipation and as an ocytocic drug. The present study was carried out to investigate the laxative activity of <it>Mareya micrantha </it>in albino's Wistar rats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Rats were divided in 5 groups of 5 animals each, first group as control, second group served as standard (sodium picosulfate) while group 3, 4 and 5 were treated with leaf aqueous extract of <it>Mareya micrantha </it>at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), <it>per os </it>respectively. The laxative activity was determined based on the weight of the faeces matter. The effects of the leaves aqueous extract of <it>Mareya micrantha </it>and castor oil were also evaluated on intestinal transit, intestinal fluid accumulation and ions secretion.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Phytochemicals screening of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, polyphenols, sterols and polyterpenes. The aqueous extract of <it>Mareya micrantha </it>applied orally (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg; <it>p.o</it>.), produced significant laxative activity and reduced loperamide induced constipation in dose dependant manner. The effect of the extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg (<it>p.o</it>.) was similar to that of reference drug sodium picosulfate (5 mg/kg, <it>p.o</it>). The same doses of the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg, <it>p.o</it>.) produced a significant increase (p < 0.01) of intestinal transit in comparison with castor oil (2 mL) (p < 0.01). Moreover, the extract induced a significant enteropooling and excretion of Cl^-, Na⁺, K⁺and Ca²⁺in the intestinal fluid (p < 0.01).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results showed that the aqueous extract of <it>Mareya micrantha </it>has a significant laxative activity and supports its traditional use in herbal medicine.</p

Predictors of poor retention on antiretroviral therapy as a major HIV drug resistance early warning indicator in Cameroon: results from a nationwide systematic random sampling

Retention on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is essential in sustaining treatment success while preventing HIV drug resistance (HIVDR), especially in resource-limited settings (RLS). In an era of rising numbers of patients on ART, mastering patients in care is becoming more strategic for programmatic interventions. Due to lapses and uncertainty with the current WHO sampling approach in Cameroon, we thus aimed to ascertain the national performance of, and determinants in, retention on ART at 12 months

L'ostéomyélite du pubis

Thèse : Médecine : Université de Bordeaux : 1906N° d'ordre : 6

Champignons consommés par les Pygmées du Gabon: analyse linguistique des myconymes baka et kóya

Le présent article porte sur le vocabulaire relatif à quatre cents spécimens de champignons représentatifs de 29 taxons comestibles qui ont été collectés parmi deux communautés pygmées du Gabon : les Baka et les Bakóya. Ce vocabulaire myconymique spécifique en kóya (langue bantoue) et baka (langue oubanguienne) désignant les mêmes espèces de champignons est analysé sur les plans formel et sémantique. Cette analyse linguistique dévoile les stratégies lexicales dont les deux populations forestières se sont servies pour dénommer les champignons qu’ils consomment ainsi que les motivations sémantiques et les mécanismes cognitifs quiles sous‑tendent. Il est aussi démontré que le kóya et le baka ne partagent aucun myconyme, ce qui aurait pu être l’indice de la subsistance d’une langue pygmée d’origine, perdue au profit des langues bantoues et oubanguiennes empruntées.This article discusses the vocabulary relating to four hundred mushroom specimens representative of 29 edible taxons, collected from two Pygmy communities in Gabon, the Baka and the Bakóya. This specific myconymic vocabulary in Kóya (a Bantu language) and Baka (an Ubangi language) designating the same mushroom species is analysed from a formal and semantic point of view. The linguistic analysis reveals the lexical strategies used by the two forest-based populations to designate the mushrooms they consume, as well as the underlying semantic motivations and cognitive mechanisms. The study also shows that Kóya and Baka share no myconyms, which otherwise could have indicated the existence of an original Pygmy language lost in favour of the Bantu and Ubangi languages to which they shifted

Champignons consommés par les Pygmées du Gabon : analyse linguistique des myconymes baka et kóya

This article discusses the vocabulary relating to four hundred mushroom specimens representative of 29 edible taxa, collected from two pygmy communities in Gabon, the Baka and the Bakóya. This specific myconymic vocabulary in Kóya (a Bantu language) and Baka (an Ubangi language) designating the same mushroom species is analysed on the formal and semantic levels. The linguistic analysis reveals the lexical strategies used by the two forest-based populations to designate the mushrooms they consume, as well as the underlying semantic motivations and cognitive mechanisms. The study also shows that Kóya and Baka share no myconym, which could have indicated the existence of an original pygmy language lost in favour of borrowed Bantu and Ubangi languages.Le présent article porte sur le vocabulaire relatif à quatre cents spécimens de champignons représentatifs de 29 taxons comestibles qui ont été collectés parmi deux communautés pygmées du Gabon : les Baka et les Bakóya. Ce vocabulaire myconymique spécifique en kóya (langue bantue) et baka (langue oubanguienne) désignant les mêmes espèces de champignons est analysé sur les plans formel et sémantique. Cette analyse linguistique dévoile les stratégies lexicales dont les deux populations forestières se sont servies pour dénommer les champignons qu’ils consomment ainsi que les motivations sémantiques et les mécanismes cognitifs qui les sous-tendent. Il est aussi démontré que le kóya et le baka ne partagent aucun myconyme, ce qui aurait pu être l’indice de la subsistance d’une langue pygmée d’origine, perdue au profit des langues bantue et oubanguienne empruntées.Koni Muluwa Joseph, Eyi Ndong Hugues Calixte, Degreef Jérôme, Bostoen Koen A. G. Champignons consommés par les Pygmées du Gabon : analyse linguistique des myconymes baka et kóya. In: Africana Linguistica 19, 2013. pp. 109-135

Feasibility and utility of active case finding of HIV-infected children and adolescents by provider-initiated testing and counselling: evidence from the Laquintinie hospital in Douala, Cameroon

Abstract Background Universal HIV testing and treatment of infected children remain challenging in resource-limited settings (RLS), leading to undiagnosed children/adolescents and limited access to pediatric antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our objective was to evaluate the feasibility of active cases finding of HIV-infected children/adolescents by provider-initiated testing and counseling in a health facility. Methods A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted from January through April 2016 at 6 entry-points (inpatient, outpatient, neonatology, immunization/family planning, tuberculosis, day-care units) at the Laquintinie Hospital of Douala (LHD), Cameroon. At each entry-point, following counseling with consenting parents, children/adolescents (0–19 years old) with unknown HIV status were tested using the Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (Determine®) and confirmed with a second RDT (Oraquick®) according to national guidelines. For children less than 18 months, PCR was performed to confirm every positive RDT. Community health workers linked infected participants by accompanying them from the entry-point to the treatment centre for an immediate ART initiation following the « test and treat » strategy. Statistical analysis was performed, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results Out of 3439 children seen at entry-points, 2107 had an unknown HIV status (61.3%) and HIV testing acceptance rate was 99.9% (2104). Their mean age was 2.1 (Sd = 2.96) years, with a sex ratio boy/girl of 6/5. HIV prevalence was 2.1% (44), without a significant difference between boys and girls (p = 0.081). High rates of HIV-infection were found among siblings/descendants (22.2%), TB treatment unit attendees (11.4%) and hospitalized children/adolescents (5.6%); p < 0.001. Up to 95.4% (42/44) of those infected children/adolescents were initiated on ART. Overall, 487 (23.2%) deaths were registered (122 per month) and among them, 7 (15.9%) were HIV-positive; mainly due to tuberculosis and malnutrition. Conclusion The consistent rate of unknown HIV status among children/adolescents attending health facilities, the high acceptability rates of HIV testing and linkage to ART, underscore the feasibility and utility of an active case finding model, using multiple entry-points at the health facility, in achieving the 90–90-90 targets for paediatric HIV/AIDS in RLS

In Vitro Anticholinesterase and Inhibitory Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Combretum molle (Combretaceae) Leaf on Rabbit Breathing

Purpose: In previous studies, the aqueous extract of Combretum molle was shown to inhibit disturbances of breathing induced by acetylcholine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of this inhibition. Methods: The aqueous extract of Combretum molle and an anti-asthmatic, salbutamol (reference), were tested at varying concentrations for their inhibitory effects on breathing. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was extracted from rabbit duodenum and its activity determined by Ellman’s assay using acethylthiocholine iodide (ACTH) as substrate. The rate of hydrolysis of acetylcholinesterase was spectrophotometrically monitored at 412 nm. Results: The results indicate that in the presence of C. molle extract, a considerable reduction in the variation of breathing amplitudes occurred. Furthermore, the extract probably contains anti-AChE substances. C. molle exerted non-competitive inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) of 192 μM and velocity at maximal concentration of substrate (Vmax) of 4444 μM/min. Conclusion: These results support the use of C. molle leaf in the Pharmacopoeia of Ivory Coast as an anti-asthmatic, in view of its inhibitory effect on breathing disturbances