9 research outputs found
Estudo de marcadores genéticos associados a inflamação em pacientes com anemia falciforme
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2013-10-11T14:30:43Z
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Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilA anemia falciforme (HbSS) é uma doença genética com prevalência mundial
elevada, caracterizada pela heterogeneidade clinica apresentando manifestações
agudas e crônicas de caráter multifatorial, sendo caracterizada pela presença do
estado inflamatório sistêmico. As alterações no sistema imune têm sido
relacionadas a predisposição a infecções em pacientes HbSS, com produção
exacerbada de anticorpos, alterações na função de leucócitos e na imunidade
celular, entre outros. Estão inclusos nesta tese o conjunto de três manuscritos
com o objetivo de investigar marcadores genéticos relacionados a inflamação em
pacientes com HbSS, com ênfase para os polimorfismo e níveis séricos das
citocinas TNFα -308G>A e IL-8 251A>T, para a provável influência dos
polimorfismos gênicos TNFα-308G>A, FcRIIAH/R131, MPO-463G>A, TLR4
896A>G, e TLR9- 1237T>C na gravidade de infecções e complicações
inflamatórias na HbSS, e ainda a expressão gênica dos receptores TLR2, TLR4,
TLR5 e TLR9 em células dendríticas de pacientes HbSS. Nossos resultados
mostraram que os níveis séricos elevados das citocinas TNFα e IL-8, bem como a
presença do alelo mutante dos polimorfismos de TNFα e da IL-8 estudados estão
associados com a gravidade clínica da doença. O estudo dos polimorfismos TLR9
-1237T>C e TLR4 896A>G mostraram associação com a ocorrência de infecção
respiratória e acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), respectivamente, e o
polimorfismo MPO-463G>A esteve associado com a ocorrência de infecções.
Além disso, a presença concomitante do polimorfismo FcRIIA H/R131 com o
MPO-463G>A, com o TLR4 896A>G, ou com o TNF-α influenciou a ocorrência de
internações hospitalares, de sequestro esplênico, de AVE e do número de crises
vaso-oclusivas. O estudo de novos marcadores de inflamação na anemia
falciforme pode ajudar no entendimento da complexidade da fisiopatologia desta
doença. Nossos dados enfatizam a identificação de novos biomarcadores
genéticos e sua associação marcadores clássicos podem ser uma ferramenta
importante para elucidar a diversidade fenotípica da HbSS.Sickle cell anemia (HbSS) is a genetic disease with elevated worldwide
distribution characterized by clinical heterogeneity and acute and chronic
complication presenting systemic inflammatory state. The immune system
changes are related to infection predisposition in HbSS, exacerbated antibody
production, changes in leucocytes function and innate immunity. It was included in
this thesis a set of three manuscripts that aim to investigate genetic markers
related to inflammation in HbSS emphasizing polymorphisms and cytokine serum
levels of TNFα -308G>A and IL-8 251A>T, to the influence of genetic
polymorphisms of TNFα-308G>A, FcRIIAH/R131, MPO-463G>A, TLR4 896A>G
and TLR9- 1237T>C in infection and inflammatory complication in HbSS and the
gene expression of dendritic cell TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9 receptors. Our
results shows high serum levels and the presence of TNFα and IL-8 mutant allele
were related to disease clinical severity. The study of TLR9 -1237T>C and TLR4
896A>G polymorphisms were associated to respiratory infection and encephalic
vascular accident (EVA), respectively, and the polymorphism MPO-463G>A was
associated to infection. The double presence of polymorphism FcRIIA H/R131
with MPO-463G>A or with TLR4 896A>G or with TNF-α influence the presence of
hospitalization, spleen sequestration, EVA and vasooclusive crisis. The new
sickle cell anemia inflammation markers study may help to highlight the disease
physiopathology complexity. Our finds emphasizes new genetic and
immunological biomarkers identification and its association with classical markers
may be important to elucidate phenotypic HbSS diversity
NOTAS SOBRE EXPERIMENTOS COM CLONAGEM
Breve registro sobre a clonagem molecular de genes, utilizando um modelo experimental trabalhado durante o mestrado de uma das autoras. Repercussão da clonagem de mamíferos, utilizando como modelo de análise a recente produção da ovelha “Dolly”
Sickle cell disease sc in northeast of Brazil: a clinical and molecular characterization
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-07-14T19:01:17Z
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Cajado C Sickle cell disease....pdf: 207356 bytes, checksum: f18859107fb649a6d6863258f83798b5 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasildoença SC é muito prevalente no Brasil, principalmente na Bahia, sendo que os pacientes apresentam anemia grave, mas
com menos complicações clínicas que os homozigotos SS. Os pacientes com doença de SC têm menos crises dolorosas,
infecções, comprometimento ósseo e priapismo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a caracterização clínica e molecular
dos haplótipos ligados ao gene das globinas βS e βC e da talassemia α3,7Kb em 63 indivíduos com doença do SC da Bahia,
Brasil. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que os pacientes estudados têm moderada anemia (média de hemoglobina=10,88g/
dL) e níveis discretamente elevados de hemoglobina fetal (média=3,06%). A talassemia α3,4Kb foi encontrada em 18 (28%)
pacientes. Os haplótipos ligados aos genes da globina do gene da globina βS e βC mais frequentes foram CAR e Benin. Não foi
encontrada associação entre os haplótipos da globina e eventos clínicos dos pacientes, porém estudos adicionais poderão
confirmar os resultados obtidos com relação aos pacientes com doença SCThe SC disease is really prevalent in Brazil, mainly in Bahia, being that the patients present a severe anemia but
with less clinical complications than SS homozygous. The patients with SC disease have less painful crisis,
infections, skeletal involvement, anemia, and priapism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hemoglobin
C and S globin gene haplotypes distribution among 63 individual with SC disease from Northeast Brazil, associating
with their phenotype. Our results show that the studied patients have mild anemia (hemoglobin median=10.88 g/
dL) and slightly high fetal hemoglobin levels (median=3.06%). The α-thalassemia3.4Kb deletion was found in 18
(28%) patients. The most frequent βC and βS globin gene haplotypes were CAR and Benin. We have not found any
association among the globin haplotypes and clinical events of the patients, however further studies need to be
developed to confirm the finding related to the SC disease patients
IL-8 e TNF-alfa: marcadores imunológicos no prognóstico da anemia falciforme
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-07-15T12:05:58Z
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Previous issue date: 2010Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Ilhéus, BA, BrasilFundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia. HEMOBA. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular. Salvador, BA, BrasilA hemoglobina S (HbS) possui frequência elevada no Brasil, sendo a Bahia o Estado com maior incidência da doença
falciforme. A doença falciforme possui quadro clínico heterogêneo, caracterizado por episódios de vaso-oclusão e
eventos infecciosos, aspectos que contribuem para a condição pró-inflamatória crônica descrita entre os seus
portadores. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar aspectos imunológicos e fenotípicos em indivíduos com anemia
falciforme provenientes de Salvador, Bahia. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 126 pacientes, sendo 103 em estado clínico
estável da doença e 23 hospitalizados por vaso-oclusão e/ou infecção. Foram investigados os polimorfismos -251T>A
e -308G>A, localizados respectivamente nos genes da IL-8 e do TNF-alfa, por PCR e PCR-RFLP; os níveis séricos da
IL-8 foram detectados por ELISA e a história clínica dos pacientes foi obtida dos prontuários médicos. Houve
associação entre a presença do alelo mutante para o polimorfismo -308G>A e a ocorrência de sequestro esplênico
(p<0,05). Interessantemente, os níveis séricos de IL-8 foram 32,3 + 43,3pg/ml no grupo de pacientes em crise
permanecendo elevados após a alta hospitalar, diminuindo gradualmente. O alelo A do polimorfismo -251 foi
associado aos níveis elevados de IL-8, independente do fator indutor. Juntos, nossos resultados mostraram a
importância da interação dos marcadores de prognóstico no monitoramento dos portadores com anemia falciforme
e a participação da IL-8 no processo de vaso-oclusão. Estudos adicionais são necessários para estabelecer o papel dos
níveis de IL-8 e de TNF-alfa, bem como a presença de polimorfismos nesses genes, visando a sua utilização como
marcadores de prognóstico no acompanhamento clínico desses indivíduos.Hemoglobin S (HbS) has a high prevalence in Brazil, the Bahia state with the highest incidence of sickle cell disease. Sickle cell
disease is a clinical heterogeneous conditions characterized by episodes of vaso-occlusion and infectious events, aspects that
contribute to the pro-inflammatory chronic state described among its carriers. The aim of this study was to investigate
phenotypic and immunological aspects of patients with sickle cell anemia from Salvador, Bahia. The study was conducted in
126 patients, 103 in steady-state of the disease and 23 hospitalized for vaso-occlusion and / or infection. We investigated the
polymorphisms -251T>A and-308G>A respectively located in the genes of IL-8 and TNF-alpha by PCR and PCR-RFLP;
serum levels of IL-8 were detected by ELISA and the clinical history of patients was obtained from medical records. There was
an association between the presence of the mutant allele A for the polymorphism -308G>A and occurrence of splenic sequestration
(p<0.05). Interestingly, serum levels of IL-8 were 32.3 + 43.3 pg / ml. The A allele of -251 polymorphism of IL-8 gene was
associated with elevated levels of IL-8, independent of the inducing factor. Together, our results showed the importance of the
interaction of prognostic markers in the monitoring of patients with sickle cell anemia and the involvement of IL-8 at the
process of vaso-occlusion. Additional studies are warranted to establish the role of interleukin-8 and TNF-alpha, and the
presence of polymorphisms in these genes, in order to confirm their use as prognostic markers in the clinical follow up of these
individuals
Sickle cell disease: Only one road, but different pathways for inflammation
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2016-05-05T14:05:12Z
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Previous issue date: 2012Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil / Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmacia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil.Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Sangue. São Paulo. SP, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder charac- terized by a chronic inflammatory process, and new biomarkers have been studied as promising molecules for understanding the inflammation in its pathophy- siology. The hemolysis and the release of molecules associated to the hemoglobin (Hb) catabolism, such as free Hb, iron, and heme, generate an oxidant envi- ronment with production of reactive oxygen and ni- trogen species. The immune system plays a very im- portant role in the inflammation, with cells secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. There is also a nitric oxide (NO) resistance state, with an impaired NO bioactivity, leading to a vascular dys- function; activation of platelet, leukocytes, erythro- cytes, and endothelial cells, with expression of adhe- sion molecules and its ligands, and several receptors, that altogether participate at inflammatory process. During inflammation, there is an increase of dendritic cells (DCs) expressing toll like receptors (TLR), but the role of DCs and TLR in SCD pathogenesis is un-clear. Also, there are molecules contributing for en-hance the endothelium dysfunction, such as homo-cysteine that has been associated with vascular com-plications in the pathology of other diseases and it may contribute to the vascular complications pre-sented by SCD patients. Circulating microparticules (MPs) levels are augmented in several diseases and have been described in SCD, where cells membrane compounds are associated to cell’s thrombotic and coagulation state, such as tissue factor and phos-phatidylserine (PS), which may contribute to endo-thelial dysfunction. The knowledge of all these bio-markers may contribute to new therapeutic approach discover, improving SCD patient life quality
TNF-alpha and IL-8: serum levels and gene polymorphisms (-308G>A and -251A>T) are associated with classical biomarkers and medical history in children with sickle cell anemia
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-02-10T16:48:34Z
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Previous issue date: 2011Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Estado da Bahia. HEMOBA. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas. Salvador, BA, BrasilSickle cell anemia (SCA) is a disorder characterized by a heterogeneous clinical outcome. In the present
study, we investigated the associations between Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) 308G>A and
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) 251A>T gene polymorphisms, medical history and classical biomarkers in children
with steady-state SCA. In total, 210 SCA patients aged 2–21 years and 200 healthy controls were studied.
Gene polymorphisms, betaS-globin haplotypes and a 3.7-kb deletion in alpha2-thalassemia (a2-thal3.7 kb)
were investigated by PCR/RFLP analysis, and cytokine levels were determined by ELISA. Splenomegaly
(p = .032) was more prevalent among children younger than 5 years of age. The A allele of the TNF-alpha
308G>A gene polymorphism and the presence of a2-thal3.7 kb were associated with an increase risk of
splenic sequestration events (p = .001; p = .046), while the T allele of the IL-8 251A>T gene polymorphism
was considered to be a protective factor for splenomegaly events (p = .032). Moreover, the A allele
of the TNF-alpha 308G>A gene polymorphism was associated with high TNF-alpha levels (p = .021), and
the hemoglobin F and hemoglobin S haplotypes were correlated with serum levels of IL-8. The logistic
regression analysis showed significant effects of the TNF-alpha and IL-8 gene polymorphisms, betaS-globin
gene haplotypes and a2-thal3.7 kb on the occurrence of splenic sequestration events. Our study emphasizes
that the identification of new genetic and immunological biomarkers and their associations with
classical markers is an important strategy to elucidate the underlying causes of different SCA phenotypes
and their effects on patient outcom
The beta-globin gene cluster haplotypes in sickle cell anemia patients from Northeast Brazil: a clinical and molecular view.
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2012-10-30T21:04:13Z
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Previous issue date: 2004Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia. Ambulatório de Hematologia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia. Ambulatório de Hematologia. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus Universitário de Ondina. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus Universitário de Ondina. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.The beta(S)-globin haplotypes were studied in 78 sickle cell Brazilian patients from Bahia, Northeast Brazil, that has a large population of African origin. Hemoglobin (Hb) profiles were developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and beta(S)-globin gene haplotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) techniques. We identified 44 (55.0%) patients with the CAR/Ben (Central African Republic/Benin) genotype, 16 (20.0%) Ben/Ben, 13 (16.2%) CAR/CAR and seven (8.8%) with other genotypes. Analyses of the phenotypes showed clinical differences related only to Hb F levels and blood transfusion therapy; the presence of -alpha(-3.7)-thalassemia (thal) demonstrated statistical significance when associated with hematocrit (p=0.044), MCV (p=0.0007), MCH (p=0.012) and spleen sequestration events. The haplotype diversity found in the present study can be justified by information about the origin of the slave traffic period in Bahia during the 19th century. The specific characteristics described among the Bahian sickle cell patients could be confirmed by increasing the number of patients with specific genotypes and further studies of genetic markers
The leftward deletion 4.2 KB alpha-thalassemia in two sickle cell anemia siblings
Submitted by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2014-07-15T13:09:20Z
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Previous issue date: 2010Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia. HEMOBA. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação de Hematologia e Hemoterapia da Bahia. HEMOBA. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Farmácia. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilA presença da deleção –α thal 3.7Kb está associada com melhor prognóstico de pacientes que possuem anemia falciforme
(AF), contudo não existem estudos na literatura a respeito da associação da –α thal 4.2Kb com a evolução clínica desses
pacientes. No presente relato são descritos achados laboratoriais e perfil de hemoglobina de dois irmãos que possuem AF em
associação com a –α thal 4.2Kb. Ambos os pacientes apresentam anemia acentuada, baixos índices de Volume Corpuscular
Médio (VCM) e contagem de leucócitos elevada. Estudos adicionais são necessários para elucidar uma possível associação
entre a –α thal 4.2Kb e a gravidade da AF.The presence of –αthal 3.7Kb deletion is associated with better prognosis of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) patients, but
here are not reports in the literature regarding association of –α thal 4.2Kb and its importance among SCA clinical
outcome. In this report, we describe Hemoglobin profile and laboratory findings of two siblings who have SCA and
are silent carriers of –α thal 4.2Kb. Both described patients have severe anemia, lower rates of Mean Corpuscular
Volume (MCV) and a high leukocytes count. Further studies are required to establish a possible association
between –α thal 4.2Kb and SCA severity
Role of paraoxonase 1 activity and PON1 gene polymorphisms in sickle cell disease
Abstract Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients often exhibit a dyslipidemic sub-phenotype. Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) is a serum glycoprotein associated with the high-density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C), and variability in PON1 activity depends on the PON1 genotypes. We investigated the influence of PON1c.192Q > R and PON1c.55L > M polymorphisms on PON1 activity and laboratory parameters and the association between PON1 activity and clinical manifestations in SCD patients. We recruited 350 individuals, including 154 SCD patients and 196 healthy volunteers, which comprised the control group. Laboratory parameters and molecular analyses were investigated from the participants' blood samples. We have found increased PON1 activity in SCD individuals compared to the control group. In addition, carriers of the variant genotype of each polymorphism presented lower PON1 activity. SCD individuals carrying the variant genotype of PON1c.55L > M polymorphism had lower platelet and reticulocyte counts, C-reactive protein, and aspartate aminotransferase levels; in addition to higher creatinine levels. SCD individuals carrying the variant genotype of PON1c.192Q > R polymorphism had lower triglyceride, VLDL-c, and indirect bilirubin levels. Furthermore, we observed an association between PON1 activity history of stroke and splenectomy. The present study confirmed the association between PON1c.192Q > R and PON1c.55L > M polymorphisms and PON1 activity, in addition to demonstrate their effects on markers of dislipidemia, hemolysis and inflammation, in SCD individuals. Moreover, data suggest PON1 activity as a potential biomarker related to stroke and splenectomy