An Infrared Standard Curve Method for Calculating the Total Amount of Petroleum in Environmental Samples

BACKGROUND: Petroleum oil is one of the necessary indicators for environmental monitoring, which mainly exists in the form of hydrocarbons. Therefore, infrared spectrophotometry is one of the most reliable methods to determine the total amount of petroleum oil. At present, there are two methods for the determination of petroleum by infrared spectrophotometry, which are the three-wave number correction coefficient method and the non-dispersive single wave number standard curve method. The correction coefficient method has many calculation steps and a heavy workload; the single wave number standard curve method does not specify which wave number to use for calculation or is abandoned due to the limited scope of application.OBJECTIVES: To establish a simple standard curve method for calculating the total amount of petroleum.METHODS: Five kinds of oils were scanned by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The absorbance of the three scanning wavenumbers was arranged and combined to obtain five standard curve methods. After comparing the calculated concentration with the prepared concentration, the standard curve method of the sum of three-wave number absorbance was established.RESULTS: When the proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons was less than 50%, the calculation results of this method were consistent with those of the correction coefficient method. The precision of this method was 5.9%-8.0%, and the recovery rate of standard addition was 76.4%-98.2%, which meets the requirements of China's petroleum pollution determination and environmental standards.CONCLUSIONS: This method expands the application scope of the standard curve method. It is simple and easy to understand and has strong operability. It is a useful supplement to the correction coefficient method

Impacts of co-exposure to zearalenone and trifloxystrobin on the enzymatic activity and gene expression in zebrafish

Although humans and animals are usually exposed to combinations of toxic substances, little is known about the interactive toxicity of mycotoxins and farm chemicals. Therefore, we can not precisely evaluate the health risks of combined exposure. In the present work, using different approaches, we examined the toxic impacts of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin on zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our findings showed that the lethal toxicity of zearalenone to embryonic fish with a 10-day LC50 of 0.59 mg L−1 was lower than trifloxystrobin (0.037 mg L−1). Besides, the mixture of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin triggered acute synergetic toxicity to embryonic fish. Moreover, the contents of CAT, CYP450, and VTG were distinctly altered in most single and combined exposures. Transcriptional levels of 23 genes involved in the oxidative response, apoptosis, immune, and endocrine systems were determined. Our results implied that eight genes (cas9, apaf-1, bcl-2, il-8, trb, vtg1, erβ1, and tg) displayed greater changes when exposed to the mixture of zearalenone and trifloxystrobin compared with the corresponding individual chemicals. Our findings indicated that performing the risk assessment based on the combined impact rather than the individual dosage response of these chemicals was more accurate. Nevertheless, further investigations are still necessary to reveal the modes of action of mycotoxin and pesticide combinations and alleviate their effects on human health

Design, Synthesis, and SAR of Novel 2-Glycinamide Cyclohexyl Sulfonamide Derivatives against Botrytis cinerea

N-(2-trifluoromethyl-4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxocyclohexyl sulfonamide (chesulfamide) is in the limelight as a novel fungicide, and has fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea. For exploring more novel structures, 33 new compounds were synthesized by N-alkylation and acid–amine coupling reactions with chesulfamide as the core moiety, and their structures were characterized and established by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. The structure of (1R,2S)-2-(2-(N-(4-chloro-2-trifluoromethylphenyl)sulfamoyl)-cyclohexylamino)-N-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) acetamide (II-19) was defined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The in vivo and in vitro fungicidal activities against B. cinerea were evaluated. The bioassay results of mycelial growth demonstrated that most compounds exhibited excellent inhibitory activity against B. cinerea at 50 μg mL−1, and 7 compounds showed lower EC50 values than boscalid (EC50 = 4.46 μg mL−1) against B. cinerea (CY-09). In cucumber pot experiment, the inhibitory rates of four compounds (II-4, II-5, II-12, and II-13) against B. cinerea were 90.48, 93.45, 92.86, and 91.07, which were better than cyprodinil (88.69%), the best performing of all controls. In tomato pot experiment, the control efficacy of two analogs (II-8 and II-15) were 87.98 and 87.97% at 200 μg mL−1, which were significantly higher than boscalid (78.10%). Most compounds have an excellent fungicidal effect on B. cinerea, with potential as a lead compound for developing new pesticides

Design, Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of 2-Substituted Phenyl-2-oxo-, 2-Hydroxy- and 2-Acyloxyethylsulfonamides

Sulfonyl-containing compounds, which exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, comprise a substantial proportion of and play a vital role, not only in medicines but also in agrochemicals. As a result increasing attention has been paid to the research and development of sulfonyl derivatives. A series of thirty-eight 2-substituted phenyl-2-oxo- III, 2-hydroxy- IV and 2-acyloxyethylsulfonamides V were obtained and their structures confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, and elemental analysis. The in vitro and in vivo bioactivities against two Botrytis cinerea strains, DL-11 and HLD-15, which differ in their sensitivity to procymidone, were evaluated. The in vitro activity results showed that the EC50 values of compounds V-1 and V-9 were 0.10, 0.01 mg L−1 against the sensitive strain DL-11 and 3.32, 7.72 mg L−1 against the resistant strain HLD-15, respectively. For in vivo activity against B. cinerea, compound V-13 and V-14 showed better control effect than the commercial fungicides procymidone and pyrimethanil. The further in vitro bioassay showed that compounds III, IV and V had broad fungicidal spectra against different phytopathogenic fungi. Most of the title compounds showed high fungicidal activities, which could be used as lead compounds for further developing novel fungicidal compounds against Botrytis cinerea