Changing POU dimerization preferences converts Oct6 into a pluripotency inducer

� 2016 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license The transcription factor Oct4 is a core component of molecular cocktails inducing pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), while other members of the POU family cannot replace Oct4 with comparable efficiency. Rather, group III POU factors such as Oct6 induce neural lineages. Here, we sought to identify molecular features determining the differential DNA-binding and reprogramming activity of Oct4 and Oct6. In enhancers of pluripotency genes, Oct4 cooperates with Sox2 on heterodimeric SoxOct elements. By re-analyzing ChIP-Seq data and performing dimerization assays, we found that Oct6 homodimerizes on palindromic OctOct more cooperatively and more stably than Oct4. Using structural and biochemical analyses, we identified a single amino acid directing binding to the respective DNA elements. A change in this amino acid decreases the ability of Oct4 to generate iPSCs, while the reverse mutation in Oct6 does not augment its reprogramming activity. Yet, with two additional amino acid exchanges, Oct6 acquires the ability to generate iPSCs and maintain pluripotency. Together, we demonstrate that cell type-specific POU factor function is determined by select residues that affect DNA-dependent dimerization.Link_to_subscribed_fulltex

Local Flexibility in Molecular Function Paradigm

It is generally accepted that the functional activity of biological macromolecules requires tightly packed three-dimensional structures. Recent theoretical and experimental evidence indicates, however, the importance of molecular flexibility for the proper functioning of some proteins. We examined high resolution structures of proteins in various functional categories with respect to the secondary structure assessment. The latter was considered as a characteristic of the inherent flexibility of a polypeptide chain. We found that the proteins in functionally competent conformational states might be comprised of 20–70% flexible residues. For instance, proteins involved in gene regulation, e.g. transcription factors, are on average largely disordered molecules with over 60% of amino acids residing in “coiled” configurations. In contrast, oxygen transporters constitute a class of relatively rigid molecules with only 30% of residues being locally flexible. Phylogenic comparison of a large number of protein families with respect to the propagation of secondary structure illuminates the growing role of the local flexibility in organisms of greater complexity. Furthermore the local flexibility in protein molecules appears to be dependent on the molecular confinement and is essentially larger in extracellular proteins

OCT4 interprets and enhances nucleosome flexibility.

Funder: Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and SciencesFunder: Max Planck SocietyFunder: University of UtrechtFunder: Babes-Bolyai UniversityFunder: Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V.Funder: Max Planck Computing and Data FacilityPioneer transcription factors are proteins that induce cellular identity transitions by binding to inaccessible regions of DNA in nuclear chromatin. They contribute to chromatin opening and recruit other factors to regulatory DNA elements. The structural features and dynamics modulating their interaction with nucleosomes are still unresolved. From a combination of experiments and molecular simulations, we reveal here how the pioneer factor and master regulator of pluripotency, Oct4, interprets and enhances nucleosome structural flexibility. The magnitude of Oct4's impact on nucleosome dynamics depends on the binding site position and the mobility of the unstructured tails of nucleosomal histone proteins. Oct4 uses both its DNA binding domains to propagate and stabilize open nucleosome conformations, one for specific sequence recognition and the other for nonspecific interactions with nearby regions of DNA. Our findings provide a structural basis for the versatility of transcription factors in engaging with nucleosomes and have implications for understanding how pioneer factors induce chromatin dynamics

Fusion of Reprogramming Factors Alters the Trajectory of Somatic Lineage Conversion

Summary: Simultaneous expression of Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc induces pluripotency in somatic cells (iPSCs). Replacing Oct4 with the neuro-specific factor Brn4 leads to transdifferentiation of fibroblasts into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). However, Brn4 was recently found to induce transient acquisition of pluripotency before establishing the neural fate. We employed genetic lineage tracing and found that induction of iNSCs with individual vectors leads to direct lineage conversion. In contrast, polycistronic expression produces a Brn4-Klf4 fusion protein that enables induction of pluripotency. Our study demonstrates that a combination of pluripotency and tissue-specific factors allows direct somatic cell transdifferentiation, bypassing the acquisition of a pluripotent state. This result has major implications for lineage conversion technologies, which hold potential for providing a safer alternative to iPSCs for clinical application both in vitro and in vivo. : The pluripotency- and neuro-specific factors Brn4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc (BKSM), when expressed individually, directly transdifferentiate fibroblasts into neutral stem cells (iNSCs). Velychko et al. show that polycistronic expression produces a fusion protein that induces pluripotency rather than direct transdifferentiation. Keywords: direct lineage conversion, transdifferentiation, reprogramming cell fate, induced neural stem cells, iPSC, pluripotency, polycistronic cassette, POU facto