79 research outputs found
Understanding optimism
I present seven empirical studies that investigate two main themes regarding two
main approaches of optimism: explanatory style and dispositional optimism. The first
theme incorporates measurement issues and conceptual ideas of optimism and the
second involves optimism interventions on depressive symptoms. In Study 1 I
explored the potential psychometric structure of causal attributions and dispositional
optimism. Attributions may be best viewed as reflecting large differences in
cognitive style, and smaller independent positive- and negative-event biases. For
dispositional optimism, a two-factor model was supported. Study 2 examined
correlations between optimism and the Five-Factor Model of personality.
Dispositional optimism and explanatory style had similar association patterns with
personality, although there were some differences. Study 3 tested and supported a
model in which dispositional optimism mediates the link between explanatory style
and psychological well-being. Study 4 compared the levels of optimism expression
in two ethnic groups, finding that Mainland Chinese participants were more
optimistic and less pessimistic than White British. Study 5 examined attributional
biases and found that individuals show more optimistic biased style for themselves
than for other people. Studies 6 and 7 tested effectiveness of optimism interventions
on depressive symptoms. It demonstrated that self-monitored optimism interventions
on a daily basis could effectively reduce depressive symptoms and increase
optimistic explanatory style. Taken together, the studies replicated some previous
investigations regarding measurement issues and conceptual ideas of optimism, and
explored novel approaches to examining the essence of attributional bias and
effectiveness of optimism interventions in depression treatment. My investigation of
attributional bias is the first to test this idea using new and comparable measures of
attributions. Practicing self-administered optimism interventions is, to my knowledge,
also the first time these interventions have been applied in a sample with mild-to-moderate
depressive symptoms. This may provide an easily monitored and low-cost
alternative to traditional treatments of depression
Performance of compact plastic scintillator strips with WLS-fiber and PMT/SiPM readout
This work presents the design and performance study of compact strips of
plastic scintillator with WLS-fiber readout in a dimension of 0.1 * 0.02 * 2
m3, which evaluates as a candidate for cosmic-ray muon detector for JUNO-TAO.
The strips coupling with 3-inch PMTs are measured and compared between the
single-end and double-end readout options first, and the strip of double-end
option coupling with SiPM is further measured and compared with the results of
that with the PMTs. The performance of the strips determined by a detailed
survey along their length with cosmic-ray muon after a detailed
characterization of the used 3-inch PMTs and SiPMs.The proposed compact strip
of plastic scintillator with WLS-fiber coupling with SiPM provides a good
choice for cosmic-ray muon veto detector for limited detector dimension in
particular
Dark Count of 20-inch PMTs Generated by Natural Radioactivity
The primary objective of the JUNO experiment is to determine the ordering of
neutrino masses using a 20-kton liquid-scintillator detector. The 20-inch
photomultiplier tube (PMT) plays a crucial role in achieving excellent energy
resolution of at least 3% at 1 MeV. Understanding the characteristics and
features of the PMT is vital for comprehending the detector's performance,
particularly regarding the occurrence of large pulses in PMT dark counts. This
research paper aims to further investigate the origin of these large pulses in
the 20-inch PMT dark count rate through measurements and simulations. The
findings confirm that the main sources of the large pulses are natural
radioactivity and muons striking the PMT glass. By analyzing the PMT dark count
rate spectrum, it becomes possible to roughly estimate the radioactivity levels
in the surrounding environment.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, and 5 table
Lactobacillus plantarum-derived postbiotics prevent Salmonella-induced neurological dysfunctions by modulating gut–brain axis in mice
Postbiotics are the inactive bacteria and/or metabolites of beneficial microbes which have been recently found to be as effective as their live probiotic. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)-derived postbiotics on ameliorating Salmonella-induced neurological dysfunctions. Mice were pretreated with LP postbiotics (heat-killed bacteria or the metabolites) or active bacteria, and then challenged with Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (ST). Results showed that LP postbiotics, particularly the metabolites, effectively prevented ST infection in mice, as evidenced by the inhibited weight loss, bacterial translocation, and tissue damages. The LP postbiotics markedly suppressed brain injuries and neuroinflammation (the decreased interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, and the increased IL-4 and IL-10). Behavior tests indicated that LP postbiotics, especially the metabolites, protected mice from ST-induced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors and cognitive impairment. A significant modulation of neuroactive molecules (5-hydroxytryptamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, dopamine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptide Y) was also found by LP postbiotic pretreatment. Microbiome analysis revealed that LP postbiotics optimized the cecal microbial composition by increasing Helicobacter, Lactobacillus and Dubosiella, and decreasing Mucispirillum, norank_f_Oscillospiraceae, and Eubacterium_siraeum_group. Moreover, LP postbiotics inhibited the reduction of short-chain fatty acids caused by ST infection. Pearson's correlation assays further confirmed the strong relationship of LP postbiotics-mediated benefits and gut microbiota. This study highlights the effectiveness of postbiotics and provide a promising strategy for preventing infection-induced brain disorders by targeting gut–brain axis
Check on the features of potted 20-inch PMTs with 1F3 electronics prototype at Pan-Asia
The Jiangmen underground neutrino observatory (JUNO) is a neutrino project
with a 20-kton liquid scintillator detector located at 700-m underground. The
large 20-inch PMTs are one of the crucial components of the JUNO experiment
aiming to precision neutrino measurements with better than 3% energy resolution
at 1 MeV. The excellent energy resolution and a large fiducial volume provide
many exciting opportunities for addressing important topics in neutrino and
astro-particle physics. With the container #D at JUNO Pan-Asia PMT testing and
potting station, the features of waterproof potted 20-inch PMTs were measured
with JUNO 1F3 electronics prototype in waveform and charge, which are valuable
for better understanding on the performance of the waterproof potted PMTs and
the JUNO 1F3 electronics. In this paper, basic features of JUNO 1F3 electronics
prototype run at Pan-Asia will be introduced, followed by an analysis of the
waterproof potted 20-inch PMTs and a comparison with the results from
commercial electronics used by the container #A and #B
Real-time Monitoring for the Next Core-Collapse Supernova in JUNO
Core-collapse supernova (CCSN) is one of the most energetic astrophysical
events in the Universe. The early and prompt detection of neutrinos before
(pre-SN) and during the SN burst is a unique opportunity to realize the
multi-messenger observation of the CCSN events. In this work, we describe the
monitoring concept and present the sensitivity of the system to the pre-SN and
SN neutrinos at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO), which is
a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector under construction in South China. The
real-time monitoring system is designed with both the prompt monitors on the
electronic board and online monitors at the data acquisition stage, in order to
ensure both the alert speed and alert coverage of progenitor stars. By assuming
a false alert rate of 1 per year, this monitoring system can be sensitive to
the pre-SN neutrinos up to the distance of about 1.6 (0.9) kpc and SN neutrinos
up to about 370 (360) kpc for a progenitor mass of 30 for the case
of normal (inverted) mass ordering. The pointing ability of the CCSN is
evaluated by using the accumulated event anisotropy of the inverse beta decay
interactions from pre-SN or SN neutrinos, which, along with the early alert,
can play important roles for the followup multi-messenger observations of the
next Galactic or nearby extragalactic CCSN.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure
Robust Control of Heterogeneous Vehicular Platoon with Non-Ideal Communication
The application of wireless communication to platooning brings such challenges as information delay and varieties of interaction topologies. To compensate for the information delay, a state predictor based control strategy is proposed, which transmits the future information of nodes instead of current values. Based on the closed loop dynamics of platoon with state predictor and feedback controller, a decoupling strategy is presented to analysis and design the platoon control system with lower order by adopting the eigenvalue decomposition of topological matrix. A numerical method based on LMI (Linear Matrix Inequality) is provided to find the required robust performance controller. Moreover, the influence of information delay on performance is studied theoretically and it is found that the tolerable maximum delay is determined by the maximum topological eigenvalue. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is validated by several comparative simulations under various conditions with other methods
Adsorption of Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline by Organically Modified Magnetic Bentonite
In order to endow magnetic bentonite (MB) with better magnetic separation and magnetic stability, obtain stronger adsorption of antibiotics, carboxymethylcellulose-chitosan/magnetic bentonite composite (MB/CC) was prepared by modifying previously fabricated MB with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and chitosan (CS). The characterization of MB/CC and the adsorption properties towards ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TC) was investigated. The characterization results revealed that CC improves the Fe3O4 stability and removal capability of CIP and TC for the final product. Adsorption results indicated that MB/CC exhibited superior adsorption performance for CIP (182 mg·g−1) and TC (189 mg·g−1). Adsorptive removal of CIP and TC by MB/CC was more than 90% even after 5 cycles of adsorption-desorption process. The adsorption process fitted well with the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The main steps during the successful adsorption process of MB/CC for CIP and TC includes pore diffusion, ion exchange and electrostatic interaction. MB/CC has advantages of simplified synthesis, convenient operation and high-efficiency, which could be deemed as a promising alternative adsorbent for antibiotics removal from wastewater
Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats
Glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate can enhance growth performance and health in animals, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate supplementation in rat metabolism. Thirty rats were fed a control, glutamine, or N-carbamylglutamate diet for four weeks. Urine samples were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics, specifically high-resolution 1H NMR metabolic profiling combined with multivariate data analysis. Glutamine significantly increased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatinine, and methymalonate, and decreased the urine levels of ethanol and formate (p < 0.05). Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate significantly increased the urine levels of creatinine, ethanol, indoxyl sulfate, lactate, methymalonate, acetoacetate, m-hydroxyphenylacetate, and sarcosine, and decreased the urine levels of acetamide, acetate, citrulline, creatine, glycine, hippurate, homogentisate, N-acetylglutamate, phenylacetyglycine, acetone, and p-hydroxyphenylacetate (p < 0.05). Results suggested that glutamine and N-carbamylglutamate could modify urinary metabolome related to nitrogen metabolism and gut microbiota metabolism. Moreover, N-carbamylglutamate could alter energy and lipid metabolism. These findings indicate that different arginine precursors may lead to differences in the biofluid profile in rats
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