M2 macrophage inhibits the antitumor effects of Lenvatinib on intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Background and objectivesThe relationship between the tumor microenvironment and the network of key signaling pathways in cancer plays a key role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are important inflammatory cells in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression. Macrophages in malignant tumors, mainly the M2 subtype, promote tumor progression by producing cytokines and down-regulating anti-inflammatory immune responses. Several articles have investigated the effect of macrophages on the sensitivity of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, but few such articles have been reported in cholangiocarcinoma, so we investigated the effect of M2 macrophage on the sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to Lenvatinib compared to M1.MethodsTHP-1 monocytes were polarized to M0 macrophage by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and then induced to differentiate into M1 and M2 macrophages by LPS, IFN-γ and IL-4 and IL-13, respectively. Macrophages and cholangiocarcinoma cells were co-cultured prior to 24 hours of Lenvatinib administration, cancer cell apoptosis was detected by western-blot, FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. Furthermore, we use xCELLigence RTCA SP Instrument (ACEA Bio-sciences) to monitor cell viability of Lenvatinib administration in co-culture of cholangiocarcinoma cells and macrophages. After tumorigenesis in immunodeficient mice, Lenvatinib was administered, and the effects of M2 on biological characteristics of cholangiocarcinoma cells were investigated by immuno-histochemistry.ResultsmRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1 derived macrophages, which provided a successful and efficient model of monocyte polarization to TAMs. Lenvatinib-induced apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells was significantly reduced when co-cultured with M2 macrophage, whereas apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells co-cultured with M1 macrophage was increased. In the CDX model, Lenvatinib-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced, and proliferative cells increased in the presence of M2 macrophages. Angiogenesis related factors was significantly increased in cholangiocarcinoma cells co-cultured with M2.ConclusionCompared with M1, M2 macrophages can inhibit the anti-tumor effect of Lenvatinib on cholangiocarcinoma through immune regulation, which may be related to the tumor angiogenesis factor effect of M2 macrophage

Theoretical calculation of cesium deposition and co-deposition with electronegative elements on the plasma grid in negative ion sources

We studied the work function of cesium deposition and co-deposition with the electronegative element on the plasma grid (PG) using the first-principles calculations. The impurity particles may exist in the background plasma and vacuum chamber wall, and the work function of the PG will be affected. The results indicate that the minimum work functions of pure cesium deposition on Mo (110), W (110), and Mo (112) are reached at a partial monolayer. They are 1.66 eV (σ = 0.56 θ), 1.69 eV (σ = 0.75 θ), and 1.75 eV (σ = 0.88 θ), respectively. An appropriate co-deposition model consisting of cesium with electronegative elements can further decrease the work function. The coverage of cesium and electronegative elements are both 0.34 θ in all the co-deposition models. The F-Cs co-deposition model where the Cs atom and F atom are aligned along the surface normal obtains the lowest work function. They are 1.31 eV for F-Cs on Mo (110), and 1.23 eV for F-Cs on W (110), respectively. The change in work function is linearly related to the change in dipole moment density with a slope of −167.03 VÅ. For pure cesium deposition, two factors control the change in dipole-moment density, one is the electron transfer between adsorbates and the substrate, and another one is the restructuring of surface atoms. There are two additional factors for the co-deposition model. One is the intrinsic dipole moment of the double layer, the other is the angle between the intrinsic dipole moment and the surface. The latter two factors play important roles in increasing the total dipole moment

Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Activates Autophagy to Aggravate Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Increasing High Mobility Group Box 1 Release

Background/Aims: Interferon regulatory factor 1(IRF-1) and high mobility group box 1(HMGB1) have been independently identified as being key players in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). We attempted to determine whether IRF-1 activates autophagy to aggravate hepatic IRI by increasing HMGB1 release. Methods: The hepatic IRI model was generated in C57BL/6 mice, euthanized at 2, 6, 12 or 24 h after reperfusion. To examine the effects of HMGB1 release inhibition, Glycyrrhiza acid (GA) was administered to the mice and at six hours after injectiont. AML12 cells were immersed in mineral oil for 90 min and then cultured in complete Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)/F12 to simulate IRI. AML12 cells were treated with IRF-1 siRNA, Ad-IRF-1 or GA. The serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as histological changes were examined. Next, autophagic vacuoles were detected by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or LC3 dots. The expression of IRF-1 and HMGB1 mRNA were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of IRF-1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), Bcl-2, Beclin 1, HMGB1 were detected by western blotting or immunohistochemistry. Results: The levels of hepatic IRF-1, mRNA and protein were significantly increased in livers after exposure to IRI, together with, IRI-induced increase of HMGB1 mRNA and release of HMGB1 in liver tissue. Knockout of IRF-1 decreased expression and release of HMGB1 in liver, and inhibiting the release of HMGB1 could alleviate hepatic IRI. In addition, knockout of IRF-1 downregulated LC3II and Beclin1, while number of autophagosomes or LC3 dots were increased. Up-regulating IRF-1 expression could increase the levels of LC3Ⅱ expression in AML12 cells after exposure to IRI. The levels of HMGB1 in Ad-IRF-1 transfected AML12 cell supernatants increased, together with number of LC3 dots increasing. However, GA could inhibit both Ad-IRF-1 induced HMGB1 release and the increase in the number of LC3 dots. Conclusions: IRF-1 activates autophagy to aggravate hepatic IRI by increasing HMGB1 release

Prediction of Maize Seed Vigor Based on First-Order Difference Characteristics of Hyperspectral Data

The identification of seed vigor is of great significance to improve the seed germination rate, increase crop yield, and ensure product quality. In this study, based on a hyperspectral data acquisition system and an improved feature extraction algorithm, an identification model of the germination characteristics for corn seeds was constructed. In this research, hyperspectral data acquisition and the standard corn seed germination test for Zhengdan 958 were carried out. By integrating the hyperspectral data in the spectral range of 386.7–1016.7 nm and the first derivative information of the spectral data, the root length prediction for corn seeds was successfully completed. The data regression model and prediction relationship between the spectral characteristics and seedling root length were established by principal component regression, partial least squares, and support vector regression. The first derivative information of the hyperspectral data was obtained by comparing the prediction model results with the original spectral data, which was preprocessed by Savitzky–Golay smoothing, multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and curve fitting. The results showed that the prediction model based on the first-order differential spectral data showed better performance than the one based on the spectral data obtained by other processing algorithms. By comparing the prediction results using different data characteristics and regression models, it was found that the hyperspectral method can effectively predict the root length of the seed, with the coefficient of determination reaching 0.8319

Prediction of Maize Seed Vigor Based on First-Order Difference Characteristics of Hyperspectral Data

The identification of seed vigor is of great significance to improve the seed germination rate, increase crop yield, and ensure product quality. In this study, based on a hyperspectral data acquisition system and an improved feature extraction algorithm, an identification model of the germination characteristics for corn seeds was constructed. In this research, hyperspectral data acquisition and the standard corn seed germination test for Zhengdan 958 were carried out. By integrating the hyperspectral data in the spectral range of 386.7–1016.7 nm and the first derivative information of the spectral data, the root length prediction for corn seeds was successfully completed. The data regression model and prediction relationship between the spectral characteristics and seedling root length were established by principal component regression, partial least squares, and support vector regression. The first derivative information of the hyperspectral data was obtained by comparing the prediction model results with the original spectral data, which was preprocessed by Savitzky–Golay smoothing, multiplicative scatter correction, standard normal variate, and curve fitting. The results showed that the prediction model based on the first-order differential spectral data showed better performance than the one based on the spectral data obtained by other processing algorithms. By comparing the prediction results using different data characteristics and regression models, it was found that the hyperspectral method can effectively predict the root length of the seed, with the coefficient of determination reaching 0.8319

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Neorhodomela munita

Neorhodomela munita (Perestenko) Masuda 1982 is distributed in the coastal areas of Shandong and Liaoning in China, and also in Japan. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of the circular mitochondrial DNA of the red alga Neorhodomela munita has been determined. The complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Neorhodomela munita was 25,318 bp in length with an overall GC content of 25.1% and encoded 23 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs and 24 transfer RNAs. Phylogenetic tree showed that Neorhodomela munita clustered together with Choreocolax polysiphoniae. The phylogenetic analysis may provide a better understanding of the evolution of the Rhodophyta species

Theoretical calculation of cesium deposition and co-deposition with electronegative elements on the plasma grid in negative ion sources

We studied the work function of cesium deposition and co-deposition with the electronegative element on the plasma grid (PG) using the first-principles calculations. The impurity particles may exist in the background plasma and vacuum chamber wall, and the work function of the PG will be affected. The results indicate that the minimum work functions of pure cesium deposition on Mo (110), W (110), and Mo (112) are reached at a partial monolayer. They are 1.66 eV (σ = 0.56 θ), 1.69 eV (σ = 0.75 θ), and 1.75 eV (σ = 0.88 θ), respectively. An appropriate co-deposition model consisting of cesium with electronegative elements can further decrease the work function. The coverage of cesium and electronegative elements are both 0.34 θ in all the co-deposition models. The F-Cs co-deposition model where the Cs atom and F atom are aligned along the surface normal obtains the lowest work function. They are 1.31 eV for F-Cs on Mo (110), and 1.23 eV for F-Cs on W (110), respectively. The change in work function is linearly related to the change in dipole moment density with a slope of −167.03 VÅ. For pure cesium deposition, two factors control the change in dipole-moment density, one is the electron transfer between adsorbates and the substrate, and another one is the restructuring of surface atoms. There are two additional factors for the co-deposition model. One is the intrinsic dipole moment of the double layer, the other is the angle between the intrinsic dipole moment and the surface. The latter two factors play important roles in increasing the total dipole moment

Theoretical calculation of cesium deposition and co-deposition with electronegative elements on the plasma grid in negative ion sources

We studied the work function of cesium deposition and co-deposition with the electronegative element on the plasma grid (PG) using the first-principles calculations. The impurity particles may exist in the background plasma and vacuum chamber wall, and the work function of the PG will be affected. The results indicate that the minimum work functions of pure cesium deposition on Mo (110), W (110), and Mo (112) are reached at a partial monolayer. They are 1.66 eV (σ = 0.56 θ), 1.69 eV (σ = 0.75 θ), and 1.75 eV (σ = 0.88 θ), respectively. An appropriate co-deposition model consisting of cesium with electronegative elements can further decrease the work function. The coverage of cesium and electronegative elements are both 0.34 θ in all the co-deposition models. The F-Cs co-deposition model where the Cs atom and F atom are aligned along the surface normal obtains the lowest work function. They are 1.31 eV for F-Cs on Mo (110), and 1.23 eV for F-Cs on W (110), respectively. The change in work function is linearly related to the change in dipole moment density with a slope of −167.03 VÅ. For pure cesium deposition, two factors control the change in dipole-moment density, one is the electron transfer between adsorbates and the substrate, and another one is the restructuring of surface atoms. There are two additional factors for the co-deposition model. One is the intrinsic dipole moment of the double layer, the other is the angle between the intrinsic dipole moment and the surface. The latter two factors play important roles in increasing the total dipole moment