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Not AvailableReproductive biology of the potentially commercial deepwater crab Charybdis smithii was studied. Samples were obtained during exploratory cruises made in Indian seas by the Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Sampada. Samples were obtained from both pelagic and benthic realms. Five stages of sexual development, namely, immature, early maturing, late maturing, ripe and spent, were distinguished based on morphological and histological examination of the ovary. Size at first maturity at 50% level for females was 48.7 mm carapace width (cw). However, the smallest ovigerous female encountered was 45 mm cw. Individual fecundity was relatively low (1,343-42,209) compared to other brachyuran crabs but eggs were larger. The crab population occupying the pelagic realm was exclusively in non-breeding phase, whereas breeding stock were found only at the bottom.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableDeveloping a non-lethal method for analysis of female reproductive maturity will be more accurate and less invasive than assessing maturity through gonad biopsy. Quantification of the expression levels of vitellogenin (Vg) in haemolymph is a vital tool to assess gonadal maturation as Vg is an indirect indicator of maturity. The lack of commercial antibody/ antisera in India for detection of vitellogenin/vitellin (Vg/Vn) levels in haemolypmh of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) lead to the present study. To develop an assay, Vg/Vn subunits isolated together and purified from ovary of mature female P. monodon was used as antigen to raise polyclonal antisera in rabbit. This polyclonal antiserum (anti-PmVg/Vn) was used for developing Vg/Vn enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-PmVg/Vn demonstrated high specificity in detecting vitellogenin subunits present in haemolymph, vitellin subunits in ovary extract through Western blot analysis, and vitellin-like globules in oocytes by immunostaining/ immunohistochemistry. The Vg/Vn ELISA developed through was validated by detecting haemolymph Vg based on gonadosomatic index of immature (stage 1) and sexually mature (stage 2) individuals of P. monodon. The specificity of the anti-PmVg/Vn raised was confirmed by detection of recombinant 74 kDa Vg subunit protein of P. monodon. The expressed recombinant Vg was also used to validate the ELISA. The results have demonstrated the specificity and sensitivity of anti-PmVg/Vn polyclonal antisera; an efficient means to monitor and transform the technology of induced breeding.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe distribution and population characteristics of the potentially commercial deepwater crab Charybdis smithii were studied. The crabs were sampled during the research cruises of Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel (FORV) SAGAR SAMPADA performed in the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal in 1985–1989. Samples were obtained from both pelagic and benthic zones. In the pleagic zone, the species was found almost throughout the study area with the maximum concentration in the offshore and inshore waters of the southwest coast of India. The highest densities of the benthic population were also found along the southwest coast of India (off Alleppey, 1740 kg h–1). In the benthic zone, the crab was recorded in the depth zone ranging between 60 and 356 m with a maximum average catch at 201–300 m in the Arabian Sea (23.1 kg h–1) and <150 m in the Bay of Bengal. A high percentage of pelagic hauls with C. smithii were from the oceanic province. In the Arabian Sea the pelagic crabs were found in almost all months, whereas benthic crabs were obtained only between July and January. The carapace width (CW) of crabs ranged from 11 to 72 mm CW and 11 to 69 mm CW for males and females, respectively. The crabs £31 mm CW were not found in the benthic catches. Juveniles £20 mm CW were only found in the pelagic zone with a high concentration in the oceanic province. Sex ratio of juvenile population was 1:1 but in most of the advanced size groups, a preponderance of males over females was noticed. Ovigerous females were found in the benthic zone and were totally absent in the pelagic samples.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIt has been well convinced that aquaculture has enormous potential to feed the growing global population, If it is practised in a responsible way, with the world population predicted to increase to 10.9 billion people by 2050, wherein India itself would expected to be 1.6 billion, the need to increase food production is the major challenge, particulary in areas that have high rates of food insecurity. Aquaculture has evolved almost four thousand years ago as an activity with goals similar to the terrestial agriculture.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableProtein, carbohydrate, lipid, meat and water content of potentially commercial deep-water crab Charybdis smithii were determined for various size groups. The protein content of meat varied from 59.8 to 71.1, lipid from 6.2 to 8.2 and carbohydrate from 2.4 to 3.4% of dry weight, whereas, the water content ranged between 85.5 and 89.6%.Not Availabl

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Morphology of male reproductive tract and spermatogenesis of the potentially commercial deepwater crab Charybdis smithii were studied in specimens obtained during the cruises of Fishery Oceanographic Research Vessel Sagar Sampada in the Indian seas. Male reproductive tract is composed of testis, vasa deferentia, ejaculatory duct and external penis. Vas deferens is classified into anterior vas deferens (AVD), middle vas deferens (MVD) and posterior vas deferens (PVD). The tubular testis comprises numerous acini or seminiferous lobules arranged around central seminiferous duct. The spermatogenesis involves the progressive reduction of cjftoplasm and only one developmental stage was found in one seminiferous lobule at a time. The simple ellopsid spermatosphores are lodged in the AVD. The epithelial cells in the proximal portion of AVD are cuboidal whereas distal portion of AVD has columnar epithelial cells.Not Availabl

Perspectives on Brackishwater Aquaculture in India

Not AvailableSeafood (fish and shellfish from marine and freshwater environment) has been one of the most accessible and nutritious resource for humankind since pre historic time. The human's quest for seafood started as hunting and gathering activity, and subsequently it is transformed to cultivation of aquatic organism. The term aquaculture is sufficiently expressive and inclusive, and it denotes farming of aquatic organism including fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. Aquaculture also implies some sort of intervention during the rearing process to enhance the production. Origin of aquaculture can be traced back to 1000 BC, when Chinese started to raise fishes in ponds and other impoundments (Nasch, 2011). Although prototype of aquaculture has been existing for several thousands of years, the modern aquaculture originated recently. The growth of modern aquaculture, after the second world war, has been spectacular. The total aquaculture production increased from 0.7 million tons in 1950 to 110 million tons (including aquatic plants) in 2018 (FAO, 2020). Aquaculture can be classified into several ways, and one of the frequently used classifications is by the culture environment: Freshwater, brackishwater and marine waters. Brackishwater ecosystem comprising the estuaries, backwater, coastal lakes and adjacent water bodies are the subset of coastal system. It is a transient zone between sea and freshwater ecosystem that provides home for many economically important fish and shell fish resources. Expansion of freshwater aquaculture is constrained due to the finite amount of freshwater and land resources. Further, freshwater aquaculture has to compete with land based terrestrial animal husbandry and agriculture (Boyd et al., 2020) Brackishwater aquaculture is the most vibrant aquaculture sector in India, and it has traditionally been practiced for several decades. It was originally developed as a pond- based capture system, or capture based aquaculture system. This prototype of aquaculture has been transformed into a full-fledged aquaculture in early 90s. This chapter summarizes how brackishwater aquaculture evolved through the past few decades and where we are and way forward.Not Availabl

National seminar on aquaculture diversification

Not AvailableThe evolution of Indian brackishwater aquaculture from a traditional pond-based capture system to full-fledged aquaculture is truly remarkable. The industry grew from <100,000 t in 1991 to 4,34,558 t in 2014. In addition to the farming operation, a number of ancillary businesses such as hatchery, feed industry, equipment manufacturers, pharmaceuticals, chemicals and clinical laboratories have developed over the same time.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSolute carrier proteins (SLC) are essential membrane transport proteins responsible for transporting lipids, amino acids, sugars, neurotransmitters, and drugs across the biological membranes. Dysfunction of these carrier proteins may lead to an imbalance of biological mechanisms and also in the failure of the transporting pathways of several signaling neurotransmitters. In the present study, a 646 bp of a solute carrier protein (SLC15A4) was cloned and sequenced from the Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus. Multiple sequence alignment using ClustalW and phylogenetic analysis of putative SLC15A4 fragment from P. indicus (PiSLC15A4) was performed using Mega X tool. Tissue distribution analysis was carried out using real-time PCR. The diferential expressions of PiSLC15A4 were also analyzed in the ovaries and brain tissues of wild-caught female shrimps at diferent maturation stages and in the brain tissues of captive females subjected to induce maturation by eyestalk ablation. Signifcant diversity in SLC15A4 sequence obtained from P. indicus was observed when compared to the other species. Tissue distribution analysis confrmed the ubiquitous expression of PiSLC15A4 in all the tissues examined. The diferential expressions of PiSLC15A4 indicated higher expression of the gene in brain tissue of females at the vitellogenic stage, while the expressions in ovaries were signifcantly higher in the immature stage. The diferential expressions of PiSLC15A4 in the brain tissues were substantially higher in eyestalk ablated shrimps compared to the eyestalk intact females. The study suggests a role for SLC15A4 in the endocrine signaling pathways stimulating ovarian maturation in P. indicus.Not Availabl