Climate changes in mangrove forests and salt marshes

Abstract This synthesis is framed within the scope of the Brazilian Benthic Coastal Habitat Monitoring Network (ReBentos WG 4: Mangroves and Salt Marshes), focusing on papers that examine biodiversity-climate interactions as well as human-induced factors including those that decrease systemic resilience. The goal is to assess difficulties related to the detection of climate and early warning signals from monitoring data. We also explored ways to circumvent some of the obstacles identified. Exposure and sensitivity of mangrove and salt marsh species and ecosystems make them extremely vulnerable to environmental impacts and potential indicators of sea level and climate-driven environmental change. However, the interpretation of shifts in mangroves and salt marsh species and systemic attributes must be scrutinized considering local and setting-level energy signature changes; including disturbance regime and local stressors, since these vary widely on a regional scale. The potential for adaptation and survival in response to climate change depends, in addition to the inherent properties of species, on contextual processes at the local, landscape, and regional levels that support resilience. Regardless of stressor type, because of the convergence of social and ecological processes, coastal zones should be targeted for anticipatory action to reduce risks and to integrate these ecosystems into adaptation strategies. Management must be grounded on proactive mitigation and collaborative action based on long-term ecosystem-based studies and well-designed monitoring programs that can 1) provide real-time early warning and 2) close the gap between simple correlations that provide weak inferences and process-based approaches that can yield increasingly reliable attribution and improved levels of anticipation

Nível e evolução da desigualdade dos gastos familiares no Brasil: uma análise para as regiões metropolitanas no período 1996 a 2003

A partir da utilização dos microdados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) dos biênios 1995-96 e 2002-03, o trabalho fornece evidências a respeito dos níveis e da evolução da desigualdade da distribuição dos gastos familiares per capita e da desigualdade da distribuição do consumo familiar per capita no Brasil metropolitano e a respeito da importância dos diferentes tipos de gastos familiares nas dinâmicas observadas. Os resultados, obtidos a partir de indicadores tradicionais de desigualdade e de análises de Dominância de Lorenz, apontam para importantes movimentos em termos de diminuição da desigualdade em ambos os tipos de gastos. Medida a desigualdade pelo índice de Gini, observa-se que a redução deste índice é afetada de forma significativa pelas dinâmicas dos gastos com Habitação, Higiene e Cuidados Pessoais e Vestuário, favoráveis à diminuição da desigualdade, e pelas as dinâmicas dos gastos com Educação, Saúde e Alimentação, favoráveis à desigualdade. Diferenças regionais são apontadas a partir das regiões metropolitanas de Recife e São Paulo.By using micro data from the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (POF) for years of 1995-96 and 2002-03, the paper presents evidence about the evolution of the inequality levels for per capita familiar spending and per capita familiar consumption distributions in Brazil metropolitan regions. The results, obtained by using traditional inequality indicators and Lorenz Dominance, show that the dynamics of inequality for these distributions present important movements favoring inequality reduction. Spending dynamic of Habitation, Hygiene and Personal Care and of Wearing favored total consumption inequality and the dynamic spending of Education, Health and Food favored total consumption inequality increasing. Regional differences are highlighted by considering the cases of Recife and São Paulo metropolitan regions

Informalidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: uma resenha da literatura Brazilian labor market informality: a review of the literature

<abstract language="eng">The economic literature relative to Brazilian labor market informality is very disperse and presents a significant lack of organization. In that sense, the purpose of this paper is to organize and discuss on a systematic way the main pieces of literature concerning informality in the Brazilian labor market using, whenever it is possible, the international literature as a comparison point for the existing results relative to Brazil's experience. More specifically, questions related to wage differentials between formal and informal workers, labor market segmentation and the effect of institutions on the informal sector are emphasized