23 research outputs found
Les contrevenants en liberté d'office : profil et perspectives
Les dĂ©tenus libĂ©rĂ©s dâoffice (LO), considĂ©rĂ©s par la Commission des libĂ©rations conditionnelles comme des « risques indus » constituent une clientĂšle pour laquelle il n'est guĂšre question de rĂ©habilitation, mais plutĂŽt de surveillance et d'encadrement. Pourtant, parmi ceux dont on connaĂźt lâissue des procĂ©dures, prĂšs du tiers (32,2%) rĂ©ussissent leur LO. Devant ces constats, lâĂ©tude avait pour but 1) de prĂ©ciser les parcours menant Ă la libĂ©ration d'office; 2) dâĂ©tablir le profil socio-pĂ©nal des contrevenants libĂ©rĂ©s d'office comparĂ© Ă celui de ceux ayant obtenu une libĂ©ration totale; 3) de comprendre pourquoi certains contrevenants rĂ©ussissent leur rĂ©insertion sociale; 4) dâanalyser les dynamiques spĂ©cifiques concernant les femmes ou les personnes autochtones libĂ©rĂ©es conditionnellement. Pour rĂ©pondre Ă ces objectifs, des donnĂ©es quantitatives (issues du SystĂšme de gestion des contrevenants du Service correctionnel du Canada) et qualitatives (entrevues auprĂšs dâhommes, de femmes et dâautochtones ayant rĂ©ussi leur LO) sont mises Ă contribution. Il sâavĂšre que le groupe des libĂ©rĂ©s d'office nâest pas homogĂšne. Les contrevenants qui rĂ©ussissent leur LO prĂ©sentent globalement des problĂ©matiques moins marquĂ©es et une trajectoire carcĂ©rale moins cahoteuse les situant Ă mi-chemin entre ceux sâĂ©tant vu accorder une libĂ©ration conditionnelle totale et ceux ayant Ă©chouĂ© en libertĂ© d'office. Ils sont par ailleurs assez proches de ceux ayant obtenu une libĂ©ration conditionnelle totale pour que l'on se questionne sur le fait quâils ne se retrouvent pas dans ce groupe. Dâun cĂŽtĂ©, on constate quâune importante partie des donnĂ©es utilisĂ©es pour Ă©valuer les dĂ©tenus sont colligĂ©es au moment de l'admission de la personne Ă lâinstitution. Une analyse de rĂ©gression Ă©tablit que le meilleur prĂ©dicteur du refus dâune libĂ©ration conditionnelle est lâindice statistique gĂ©nĂ©ral sur la rĂ©cidive. Dâun autre cĂŽtĂ©, les entrevues montrent quâil existe un profil spĂ©cifique de dĂ©tenus capables de se rĂ©intĂ©grer socialement. Ceux-ci tĂ©moignent dâune motivation certaine Ă rĂ©ussir cette rĂ©insertion sociale qui les distinguent. Reste Ă savoir comment cette motivation pourrait ĂȘtre saisie de façon Ă permettre une libĂ©ration anticipĂ©e. Enfin, le soutien, qui peut-ĂȘtre institutionnel (programmes, intervenants) ou se trouver dans les relations quâentretient le dĂ©tenu avec son entourage se rĂ©vĂšle dĂ©terminant pour la rĂ©ussite de la rĂ©insertion sociale.Service correctionnel du Canada et Commission nationale des libĂ©rations conditionnelle
Effect of stimulus type and pitch salience on pitch-sequence processing
Using a same-different discrimination task, it has been shown that discrimination performance for sequences of complex tones varying just detectably in pitch is less dependent on sequence length (1, 2, or 4 elements) when the tones contain resolved harmonics than when they do not [Cousineau, Demany, and Pessnitzer (2009). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 126, 3179-3187]. This effect had been attributed to the activation of automatic frequency-shift detectors (FSDs) by the shifts in resolved harmonics. The present study provides evidence against this hypothesis by showing that the sequence-processing advantage found for complex tones with resolved harmonics is not found for pure tones or other sounds supposed to activate FSDs (narrow bands of noise and wide-band noises eliciting pitch sensations due to interaural phase shifts). The present results also indicate that for pitch sequences, processing performance is largely unrelated to pitch salience per se: for a fixed level of discriminability between sequence elements, sequences of elements with salient pitches are not necessarily better processed than sequences of elements with less salient pitches. An ideal-observer model for the same-different binary-sequence discrimination task is also developed in the present study. The model allows the computation of d' for this task using numerical methods
What is a melody?:on the relationship between pitch and brightness of timbre
Previous studies showed that the perceptual processing of sound sequences is more efficient when the sounds vary in pitch than when they vary in loudness. We show here that sequences of sounds varying in brightness of timbre are processed with the same efficiency as pitch sequences. The sounds used consisted of two simultaneous pure tones one octave apart, and the listeners' task was to make same/different judgments on pairs of sequences varying in length (one, two, or four sounds). In one condition, brightness of timbre was varied within the sequences by changing the relative level of the two pure tones. In other conditions, pitch was varied by changing fundamental frequency, or loudness was varied by changing the overall level. In all conditions, only two possible sounds could be used in a given sequence, and these two sounds were equally discriminable. When sequence length increased from one to four, discrimination performance decreased substantially for loudness sequences, but to a smaller extent for brightness sequences and pitch sequences. In the latter two conditions, sequence length had a similar effect on performance. These results suggest that the processes dedicated to pitch and brightness analysis, when probed with a sequence-discrimination task, share unexpected similarities
Evaluation psychoacoustique du traitement de séquences auditives
Le vieillissement de la population, et l'apparition de plus en plus précoce de formes de surdité suite à des traumatismes acoustiques font des questions relatives à la malentendance un vrai problÚme de société. Dans cette thÚse, nous avons étudié des aspects fondamentaux et cliniques de la perception de séquences de sons. Les séquences de hauteur jouent un rÎle important dans de nombreuses situations auditives: elles transmettent la prosodie;elles sont la base de mélodies; et elles sont un indice trÚs important pour permettre l'écoute dans le bruit. Nous avons montré que la perception de séquences de hauteur repose sur des mécanismes spécifiques chez le normo-entendant, et que la restauration de l'accÚs à ces mécanismes est une étape nécessaire à l'amélioration de la qualité de la perception avec un implant cochléaire. Cette thÚse apporte donc des éléments expérimentaux et cliniques originaux, ainsi qu'une nouvelle méthode pour l'étude de cet aspect important et jusqu'à présent peu considéré de la perception auditive qu'est le traitement de séquences.In this thesis, we have studied fundamental and clinical aspects of the perception of sequences of sounds. Pitch sequence play an important role in many situations: they convey the prosody of speech; they are used to construct melodies; and they are a very important cue for hearing in noisy environments. We have shown that the perception of pitch-sequences relies on specific mechanism in normal hearing listeners, and that restoring the access to these mechanisms in a necessary step on the way to improving the quality of perception with a cochlear implant. This thesis thus provides original experimental and clinical results, together with a new method to study this critical aspect of auditory processing, that of sequences.BOULOGNE-BU Psych. Henri Pieron (920125201) / SudocSudocFranceF
Frequency tagging to track the neural processing of contrast in fast, continuous sound sequences.
The human auditory system presents a remarkable ability to detect rapid changes in fast, continuous acoustic sequences, as best illustrated in speech and music. However, the neural processing of rapid auditory contrast remains largely unclear, probably due to the lack of methods to objectively dissociate the response components specifically related to the contrast from the other components in response to the sequence of fast continuous sounds. To overcome this issue, we tested a novel use of the frequency-tagging approach allowing contrast-specific neural responses to be tracked based on their expected frequencies. The EEG was recorded while participants listened to 40-s sequences of sounds presented at 8Hz. A tone or interaural time contrast was embedded every fifth sound (AAAAB), such that a response observed in the EEG at exactly 8 Hz/5 (1.6 Hz) or harmonics should be the signature of contrast processing by neural populations. Contrast-related responses were successfully identified, even in the case of very fine contrasts. Moreover, analysis of the time course of the responses revealed a stable amplitude over repetitions of the AAAAB patterns in the sequence, except for the response to perceptually salient contrasts that showed a buildup and decay across repetitions of the sounds. Overall, this new combination of frequency-tagging with an oddball design provides a valuable complement to the classic, transient, evoked potentials approach, especially in the context of rapid auditory information. Specifically, we provide objective evidence on the neural processing of contrast embedded in fast, continuous sound sequences. Recent theories suggest that the basis of neurodevelopmental auditory disorders such as dyslexia might be an impaired processing of fast auditory changes, highlighting how the encoding of rapid acoustic information is critical for auditory communication. Here, we present a novel electrophysiological approach to capture in humans neural markers of contrasts in fast continuous tone sequences. Contrast-specific responses were successfully identified, even for very fine contrasts, providing direct insight on the encoding of rapid auditory information
Chapitre 6. Lâengagement des avocats de la dĂ©fense
La reprĂ©sentation des accusĂ©s en matiĂšre pĂ©nale est un des rĂŽles fondamentaux que jouent les avocats de la dĂ©fense. Leur connaissance du systĂšme et des procĂ©dures comme leur comprĂ©hension des risques encourus par le justiciable sont cruciales pour lâavenir de ce dernier. Bien souvent, ils sont les seuls Ă pouvoir non seulement lâaider Ă saisir et Ă dĂ©mĂȘler les enjeux associĂ©s aux accusations dont il fait lâobjet, mais Ă©galement lui garantir une dĂ©fense pleine et entiĂšre. InformĂ© de la situati..
On the Relevance of Natural Stimuli for the Study of Brainstem Correlates: The Example of Consonance Perception
Some combinations of musical tones sound pleasing to Western listeners, and are termed consonant, while others sound discordant, and are termed dissonant. The perceptual phenomenon of consonance has been traced to the acoustic property of harmonicity. It has been repeatedly shown that neural correlates of consonance can be found as early as the auditory brainstem as reflected in the harmonicity of the scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR). âNeural Pitch Salienceâ (NPS) measured from FFRsâessentially a time-domain equivalent of the classic pattern recognition models of pitchâhas been found to correlate with behavioral judgments of consonance for synthetic stimuli
Pleasantness ratings plotted against Neural Pitch Salience (NPS) for synthetic complex tones (sCT, left panel), saxophone recordings (Sax, middle panel) and voice recordings (Voice, right panel).
<p>The three intervals are color-coded: Unison: blue; m2: green; P5: red. Correlation coefficient and p value for the correlation are reported in each panel.</p