Distorções de incentivo ao desempenho e redução de motivação no serviço público federal no Brasil = Distortions of incentive to performance and reduction of motivation in the federal public service in Brazil

No atual sistema de cargos e carreiras do Poder Executivo federal brasileiro, servidores públicos que não ocupam cargos de livre provimento têm duas maneiras preponderantes para alcançar um patamar salarial mais elevado: antiguidade ou aprovação em concurso público para uma carreira mais bem remunerada. Neste artigo, sugerimos que essas maneiras de ascensão afetam negativamente a motivação para o serviço público. Primeiro, elas transferem os incentivos dos servidores públicos em início de carreira de desempenho no trabalho para preparação para concursos de carreiras com salários mais elevados, e simultaneamente os privam de outras formas de ascensão quando nos estágios intermediários e avançados de suas carreiras. Segundo, elas geram desigualdade salarial entre carreiras, desmotivando servidores públicos com responsabilidades semelhantes em carreiras com remunerações inferiores. Dados de nosso survey com 2.800 servidores públicos de 14 instituições do Governo Federal oferecem indícios acerca da importância de reduzir essas distorções de incentivo. // In the current structure of careers in the Brazilian Federal Government, public officials who do not hold a DAS position have two predominant ways of reaching a higher salary level: years of service and passing a written examination for a higher paid public service career. We argue in this paper that these pathways affect in a negative way public service motivation. First, they shift incentives of early career public officials from job performance towards preparing for higher paid career exams, while depriving officials in middle and later stages of their careers of any advancement opportunities. They also cause salary inequity between careers, demotivating officials with similar responsibilities in lower paid careers. Through statistical analyses of data from an original survey with 2,800 public servants in 14 federal government institutions in Brazil, our findings point to the importance of reducing incentive distortions in Brazil’s public service

The Gender Congruency Effect across languages in bilinguals: A meta-analysis

In the study of gender representation and processing in bilinguals, two contrasting perspectives exist: integrated vs. the autonomous (Costa, Kovacic, Fedorenko, & Caramazza, 2003). In the former, cross-linguistic interactions during the selection of grammatical gender values are expected; in the latter, they are not. To address this issue, authors have typically explored the cross-linguistic Gender Congruency Effect (GCE: a facilitation on the naming or translation of second language [L2] nouns when their first language [L1] translations are of the same gender, in comparison to those of a different gender). However, the literature suggests that this effect is sometimes difficult to observe and might vary as a function of variables such as the syntactic structure produced to translate or name the target (bare nouns vs. noun phrases), the phonological gender transparency of both languages (whether or not they have phonological gender cues associated with the ending letter [e.g., “–a” for feminine words and “–o” for masculine words in Romance languages]), the degree of L2 proficiency, and task requirements (naming vs. translation). The aim of the present quantitative meta-analysis is to examine the robustness of the cross-linguistic GCE obtained during language production. It involves 25 experiments from 11 studies. The results support a bilingual gender-integrated view, in that they show a small but significant GC effect regardless of the variables mentioned above.This paper was funded through the state budget with reference IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013. The study has also been partially supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653). Government of Spain—Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports—through the Training program for Academic Staff (Ayudas para la Formación del Profesorado Universitario, FPU grant BOE-B-2017-2646), the research project (reference PSI2015-65116-P) granted by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, and the grant for research groups (reference ED431B 2019/2020) from the Galician Government, as well as by the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal) through the state budget (reference IF / 00784/2013 / CP1158 / CT0013). Finally, the study has also been partially supported by the FCT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds and co-financed by FEDER through COMPETE2020 under the PT2020 Partnership Agreement (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007653