Nutrientes y productividad primaria fitoplanctónica en una laguna costera tropical intermitente (La Mancha, Ver.) del Golfo de México

In the coastal lagoon of La Mancha, the effect of the sand barriers opening implies that the lagoon loses along this period (157 days), 1148,400 m3 of their original volume; when the barrier closes, the increment of water toward the interior of the system is calculated in approximately 950, 400 m3 reaching 1 663, 200 m3 . When the lagoon remained communicated with the sea (from June 23 to November 25 , the measured parameters showed the following medians values: salinity 22.0 ups, disolved oxygen 3.33 ml/l, pH 7.3 units; the concentrations of ammonia 7.24 µM; nitrates plus nitrite 0.6 µM, while phosphates registered 8.66 µM; like consequence N:P ratio was below to 1 (0.78), this means P>N; chlorophyll a reach 11.30 mg/m3 and primary productivity quantities was low (29.84 mgC/m3 /h) this causes a drop in C:Chl ratio of 2.50 mgCm3 hr:mg-1m-3.During the period when the lagoon is isolated, salinity showed a descent (16.5 ups), as same as the concentration of dissolved oxygen (2.58 ml/l); pH was lightly higher (7.58 units); the ammonia was 8.47 µM and was detected a slight increment in the nitrates plus nitrite (1.65 µM), contrarily there was a decrease in phosphates (5.73 µM), this cause that N:P ratio increased lightly to 1.77; chlorophyll a diminished to 3.04 mg/m3 , contrarily there was a significant increment of the primary productivity (158.63 mgC/m3 /h), the above-mentioned brought gets a greater value of the C:Chl ratio (28.09 mgCm3 hr:mg-1m-3).En el caso de la laguna de La Mancha, el efecto de la apertura de la boca implica que la laguna pierda, a lo largo de este período (157 días) 1148,400 m3 de su volumen original; cuando la boca se cierra, el incremento de agua hacia el interior del sistema se calcula en aproximadamente 950,400 m3 alcanzando 1 663,200 m3 . Cuando la laguna permaneció comunicada con el mar (del 23 de junio al 25 de noviembre), los parámetros medidos mostraron las siguientes medianas: la salinidad de 22.0 ups, el oxígeno disuelto 3.33 ml/l, el pH 7.3 unidades; las concentraciones de amonio 7.24 µM; los nitratos más nitritos 0.6 µM, mientras que los fosfatos registraron 8.66 µM, como consecuencia la relación N:P fue menor a 1 (0.78), esto es P>N; clorofila a registró 11.30 mg/m3 y una baja productividad primaria (29.84 mgC/m3 /h) lo que con llevó a una relación C:Clor a de apenas 2.50 mgCm3 hr:mg-1m-3. En cambio, cuando la laguna se encuentra incomunicada, la salinidad manifestó un descenso (16.5 ups), igualmente que la concentración de oxígeno (2.58 ml/l); el pH fue ligeramente mayor (7.58 unidades); el amonio fue de 8.47 µM y se detectó un ligero incremento en los nitratos más nitritos (1.65 µM), contrariamente hubo una disminución en los fosfatos (5.73 µM), por lo que la relación N:P aumentó ligeramente a 1.77; la clorofila a disminuyó a 3.04 mg/m3 , contrariamente hubo un incremento de la productividad primaria (158.63 mgC/m3 /h), lo anterior trajo consigo un valor mayor de la relación C:Clor a (28.09 mgCm3 hr:mg-1m-3)

Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 sequence type 8 lineage in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial and community-associated (CA) pathogen. Recently, a variant of the MRSA USA300 clone emerged and disseminated in South America, causing important clinical problems. METHODS: S. aureus isolates were prospectively collected (2006-2008) from 32 tertiary hospitals in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. MRSA isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and were categorized as health care-associated (HA)-like or CA-like clones on the basis of genotypic characteristics and detection of genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin and staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec IV. In addition, multilocus sequence typing of representative isolates of each major CA-MRSA pulsotype was performed, and the presence of USA300-associated toxins and the arcA gene was investigated for all isolates categorized as CA-MRSA. RESULTS: A total of 1570 S. aureus were included; 651 were MRSA (41%)--with the highest rate of MRSA isolation in Peru (62%) and the lowest in Venezuela (26%)--and 71%, 27%, and 2% were classified as HA-like, CA-like, and non-CA/HA-like clones, respectively. Only 9 MRSA isolates were confirmed to have reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides (glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus phenotype). The most common pulsotype (designated ComA) among the CA-like MRSA strains was found in 96% of isolates, with the majority (81%) having a \u3c or =6-band difference with the USA300-0114 strain. Representative isolates of this clone were sequence type 8; however, unlike the USA300-0114 strain, they harbored a different SCCmec IV subtype and lacked arcA (an indicator of the arginine catabolic mobile element). CONCLUSION: A variant CA-MRSA USA300 clone has become established in South America and, in some countries, is endemic in hospital settings

Effect of Feedback of Massive Stars in the Fragmentation, Distribution, and Kinematics of the Gas in Two Star-forming Regions in the Carina Nebula

We present ALMA high spatial resolution observations toward two star-forming regions located in one of the most extreme zones of star formation in the Galaxy, the Carina Nebula. One region is located at the center of the nebula and is severally affected by the stellar feedback from high-mass stars, while the other region is located farther south and is less disturbed by the massive-star clusters. We found that the region at the center of the nebula is forming less but more massive cores than the region located in the south, suggesting that the level of stellar feedback effectively influences the fragmentation process in clumps. Lines such as HCN, HCO+, and SiO show abundant and complex gas distributions in both regions, confirming the presence of ionization and shock fronts. Jeans analysis suggests that the observed core masses in the region less affected by the massive stars are consistent with thermal fragmentation, but turbulent Jeans fragmentation might explain the high masses of the cores identified in the region in the center of Carina. Consistently, two different analyses in the HCO+ line provided evidence for a higher level of turbulence in the gas more affected by the stellar feedback. The gas column density probability functions, N-pdf’s, show lognormal shapes with clear transitions to power-law regimes. We observed a wider N-pdf in the region at the center of the nebula, which provides further evidence for a higher level of turbulence in the material with a higher level of massive stellar feedback.Indexación: Scopu

Casimir-like tunneling-induced electronic forces

We study the quantum forces that act between two nearby conductors due to electronic tunneling. We derive an expression for these forces by calculating the flux of momentum arising from the overlap of evanescent electronic fields. Our result is written in terms of the electronic reflection amplitudes of the conductors and it has the same structure as Lifshitz's formula for the electromagnetically mediated Casimir forces. We evaluate the tunneling force between two semiinfinite conductors and between two thin films separated by an insulating gap. We discuss some applications of our results.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figs, submitted to Proc. of QFEXT'05, to be published in J. Phys.

Calcium and temperature effect on structural damage of hot air dried apple slices: Nonlinear irreversible thermodynamic approach and rehydration analysis

Mathematical models traditionally employed in fitting convective drying data do not use to report information about chemical and other physical changes different from the simple decrease in moisture content. In the present study, structural damage undergone by fresh and vacuum impregnated apple slices with different calcium lactate concentrations during convective drying at 30, 40 and 50 °C was analysed by applying equations derived from nonlinear irreversible thermodynamics to experimental data. According to the results obtained, vacuum impregnation with isotonic sucrose solution before drying at 30 °C provided maximum protection to cellular structure by promoting reversible deformations against irreversible breakages. On the contrary, cell walls strengthen with calcium had severe damaged during drying. Regarding air temperature, it was directly related both to the molar energy employed in deforming structures and the drying rate. These results were confirmed by analysing dried samples behaviour during further rehydration.Barrera Puigdollers, C.; Betoret Valls, N.; Betoret Valls, ME.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2016). Calcium and temperature effect on structural damage of hot air dried apple slices: Nonlinear irreversible thermodynamic approach and rehydration analysis. Journal of Food Engineering. 189:106-114. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.05.024S10611418

Molecular Line Emission Towards High-Mass Clumps: The MALT90 Catalogue

The Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey aims to characterise the physical and chemical evolution of high-mass clumps. Recently completed, it mapped 90 GHz line emission toward 3246 high-mass clumps identified from the ATLASGAL 870 �m Galactic plane survey. By utilising the broad frequency coverage of the Mopra telescope's spectrometer, maps in 16 different emission lines were simultaneously obtained. Here we describe the �first line catalog of the detected emission, generated by Gaussian profile �fitting to spectra extracted toward each clumps' dust peak. Synthetic spectra show that the catalog has a completeness of >95%, a probability of a false-positive detection of <0.3%, and a relative uncertainty in the measured quantities of <20% over the range of detection criteria. We find that the detection rates are highest for the (1{0) molecular transitions of HCO+, HNC, N2H+, and HCN (72{88%). The majority of clumps (~� 95%) are detected in at least one of the molecular transitions, just under half of the clumps (�~48%) are detected in 4 or more of the transitions, while only 2 clumps are detected in 13 or more transitions. We find several striking trends in the ensemble of properties for the different molecular transitions when plotted as a function of the clumps' evolutionary state. In particular, the optically thickest HCO+ emission shows a `blue-red asymmetry' that indicates overall collapse that monotonically decreases as the clumps evolve. This catalog represents the largest compiled database of molecular line emission toward high-mass clumps and is a valuable data set for detailed studies of these objects

The ALMA Survey of 70 μm\mu \rm m Dark High-mass Clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). II: Molecular Outflows in the Extreme Early Stages of Protocluster Formation

We present a study of outflows at extremely early stages of high-mass star formation obtained from the ALMA Survey of 70 $\mu \rm m$ dark High-mass clumps in Early Stages (ASHES). Twelve massive 3.6$-$70 $\mu \rm m$ dark prestellar clump candidates were observed with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Band 6. Forty-three outflows are identified toward 41 out of 301 dense cores using the CO and SiO emission lines, yielding a detection rate of 14%. We discover 6 episodic molecular outflows associated with low- to high-mass cores, indicating that episodic outflows (and therefore episodic accretion) begin at extremely early stages of protostellar evolution for a range of core masses. The time span between consecutive ejection events is much smaller than those found in more evolved stages, which indicates that the ejection episodicity timescale is likely not constant over time. The estimated outflow dynamical timescale appears to increase with core masses, which likely indicates that more massive cores have longer accretion timescales than less massive cores. The lower accretion rates in these 70 $\mu \rm m$ dark objects compared to the more evolved protostars indicate that the accretion rates increase with time. The total outflow energy rate is smaller than the turbulent energy dissipation rate, which suggests that outflow induced turbulence cannot sustain the internal clump turbulence at the current epoch. We often detect thermal SiO emission within these 70 $\mu \rm m$ dark clumps that is unrelated to CO outflows. This SiO emission could be produced by collisions, intersection flows, undetected protostars, or other motions.Comment: 32 pages, 9 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Ap